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Abstrak :
Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi yang paling berbahaya. Data WHO pada tahun 2023 melaporkan sebanyak 249 juta kasus malaria di dunia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penyakit malaria memerlukan tindakan penanggulangan. Namun, maraknya kasus resistensi obat antimalaria menjadi salah satu penghambat dalam upaya tersebut, salah satunya resistensi obat antimalaria atovaquone. Untuk itu, dibutuhkan suatu upaya penanggulangan penyakit malaria, salah satunya adalah dengan pengembangan obat antimalaria baru. Diketahui bahwa tumbuhan mangrove Sonneratia alba memiliki potensi antimalaria terhadap Plasmodium berghei secara ex vivo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimalaria ekstrak metanol S.alba terhadap beberapa jenis P.berghei resisten terhadap atovaquone secara ex vivo dan in vivo, serta prediksi interaksi ikatan kimia senyawa utamanya secara in silico. Uji antimalaria secara ex vivo dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 100, 30, 10, 1 μg/mL menghasilkan nilai IC50 dari rentang 16,26 μg/mL – 39,08 μg/mL. Secara in vivo ekstrak metanol S.alba dengan dosis 100, 30, 10, 1 mg/kg BW tidak menunjukkan aktivitas antimalaria. Secara in silico, dua senyawa utama yang terkandung memiliki ikatan kimia kuat dengan model protein mitokondria sitokrom b P.berghei yaitu oleanolic acid dan fipronil. Uji keamanan ekstrak terhadap mencit sehat juga dalam kategori aman. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ekstrak metanol S.alba sebagai kandidat antimalaria perlu dikembangkan. ......Malaria is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases. WHO reports in 2023, 249 million malaria cases happened in the world. So that, malaria requires control measures. However, increasing number of antimalarial drug resistance cases is a burden, one of them is antimalarial drug atovaquone resistance. For this reason, development of new antimalarial drug candidate are needed. Previous study reports, Sonneratia alba mangrove plant has antimalarial potency against Plasmodium berghei in ex vivo. This study aims to determine the antimalarial activity of S.alba methanol extract against several types of P.berghei resistant to atovaquone ex vivo and in vivo, also predicted chemical bond interactions of the main compounds in silico. Ex vivo antimalarial tests with extract concentrations of 100, 30, 10, 1 μg/mL showed IC50 values in the range16.26 μg/mL – 39.08 μg/mL. In vivo, methanol extract of S. alba in 100, 30, 10, 1 mg/kg BW dose did not show antimalarial activity. In silico, the two main compounds have strong chemical bonds with mitochondrial cytochrome b protein of P.berghei model, namely oleanolic acid and fipronil. Safety test of the extract tested on healthy mice was also in the safe category. Therefore, development of methanol extract of S. alba as antimalarial candidate needs further research.

Abstrak :
Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat dan merupakan penyakit endemis di daerah tropis termasuk Indonesia. Semakin banyaknya strain Plasmodium yang resisten terhadap obat antimalaria membutuhkan penemuan obat baru yang lebih poten untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini. Delonix regia mengandung zat kimia alkaloid dan terpenoid yang memiliki potensi sebagai antiplasmodium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah dan daun Delonix regia mampu menurunkan densitas Plasmodium berghei. Kelompok perlakuan mendapatkan ekstrak kulit buah dan daun yang diberikan dengan tiga dosis, yaitu 2,8 mg/20g mencit, 8,4 mg/20g mencit, dan 14 mg/20g mencit selama tiga hari berturut-turut dimulai tujuh hari setelah inokulasi parasit pada Mencit Swiss-webster. Pemeriksaan parasitemia dilakukan pada hari ke-0 sebelum perlakuan dan hari ke-3 setelah perlakuan dengan cara dibuat sediaan apusan darah tipis yang diwarnai dengan Giemsa. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan pada dosis ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dosis 2,8 mg/20g mencit dan dosis 8,4 mg/20g mencit menunjukkan perbedaan jumlah parasit yang signifikan terhadap jumlah parasit kelompok kontrol negatif, sedangkan pada ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dosis 14 mg/20g mencit menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap kelompok kontrol negatif. Hasil analisis statistik pada ekstrak daun Delonix regia dosis 2,8 mg/20g mencit, 8,4 mg/20g mencit dan 14 mg/20g mencit menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap kelompok kontrol negatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dosis 2,8 mg/20g mencit paling baik dalam menurunkan densitas Plasmodium berghei. ......Malaria remains a public health problem and endemic in tropical country, including Indonesia. Increasing number of strains of drug-resistant Plasmodium malaria needs to find a new, more potent drugs to overcome this problem. Delonix regia contains alkaloid and terpenoid chemicals that have potential as antiplasmodium. The purpose of this study is to prove that the rind and leaf extracts of Delonix regia can reduce the density of Plasmodium berghei in Swiss-webster mice. The treatment group get rind and leaf extracts given in three doses, ie 2,8 mg/20g mice, 8,4 mg/20g mice, and 14 mg/20g mice for three consecutive days starting seven days after inoculation of parasites. Parasitemia examination performed on H0 before and day 3 after treatment made by blood smear preparations stained with Giemsa thin. The results of the statistical analysis showed a dose Delonix regia rind extract dose 2,8 mg/20g mice and 8,4 mg/20g mice showed a significant difference in the number of parasites on the number of parasites negative control group, while in the rind extracts Delonix regia dose 14 mg/20g mice showed no significant difference to the negative control group. The results of statistical analysis on Delonix regia leaf extracts dose 2,8 mg/20g mice, 8,4 mg/20g mice and 14 mg/20g mice no significant difference to the negative control group. Based on these results it can be concluded that administration of Delonix regia rind extract at a dose of 2,8 mg/20g mice body weight is the best dose which can reduce the density of Plasmodium.

Abstrak :
Malaria adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan infeksi Plasmodium sp. Malaria adalah penyakit yang tersebar di dunia serta memiliki tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi. Penurunan efikasi obat pilihan utama disebabkan resistensi parasit terhadap obat malaria. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami efek ekstrak daun dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia terhadap densitas parasit pada binatang percobaan mencit Swiss Webster yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia ekstrak daun Delonix regia dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia sebagai antiplasmodium. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi delapan kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kontrol negatif dengan air, kontrol positif dengan klorokuin dosis 0.52 mg/20 gr mencit, ekstrak daun Delonix regia dosis 2.8 mg/20 gr mencit, 8.4 mg/20 gr mencit, dan 14 mg/20 gr mencit, ekstrak biji Delonix regia dosis 2.8 mg/20 gr mencit, 8.4 mg/20 gr mencit, dan 14 mg/20 gr mencit. Perlakuan dimulai pada hari ke-0 pada mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan observasi parasitemia dilakukan pada hari ke-0 sebelum pemberian perlakuan dan hari ke-3. Uji Statistik One Way Anova menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Delonix regia dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia tidak memiliki aktivitas yang berbeda jika dibandingkan kontrol negatif (p=0.139). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak daun Delonix regia dan ekstrak biji Delonix regia tidak bisa menghambat pertumbuhan Plasmodium berghei. ......Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection of Plasmodium sp. Malaria is world wide disease which a high mortality rate. The decreasing of efficacy of its firstline drugs is caused by the parasite?s resistance to malaria drugs. The aims of the research were to understand the effect of Delonix regia leaf extract and seed extract against the parasite density on experimental animal Swiss Webster mice infected by Plasmodium berghei and to know the content of phytochemystry of Delonix regia leaf extract and Delonix regia seed extract as antiplasmodium. This research was divided into eight treatment groups, namely negative control by water, positif control by cloroquin of dose 0.52 mg/20 gr mice, Delonix regia leaf extract of dose 2.8 mg/20 gr mice, 8.4 mg/20 gr mice, and 14 mg/20 gr mice, Delonix regia seed extract of dose 2.8 mg/20 gr mice, 8.4 mg/20 gr mice, and 14 mg/20 gr mice. The treatments were started on day 0 on where the mices were infected by Plasmodium berghei and the observation of parasitemia carried out on day 0 before giving the treatments and day 3. One Way Anova statistical test showed that Delonix regia leaf extract and Delonix regia seed extract did not have different activity against negative control (p=0.139). The results showed Delonix regia leaf and Delonix regia seed extract could not inhibit the growth of Plasmodium berghei.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama negara tropis, karena angka kesakitan dan kematiannya yang tinggi. Gejala yang berat sampai kematian akibat malaria dipengaruhi respon imun setiap individu maupun ketepatan pengobatan malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek respon imun (TNF-α) mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei yang diberi ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental in vivo dengan membagi 5 kelompok perlakuan yang berbeda (kontrol, Plasmodium berghei dan akuades, CMC, Plasmodium berghei dan CMC, Plasmodium berghei dan ekstrak akar pasak bumi). Pemeriksaan tingkat parasitemia menggunakan pemeriksaan darah tipis dan tebal. Hasil pemeriksaan TNF-α menggunakan teknik bead based multiplexing technique didapatkan nilai mean flourescence intensity (MFI) yang digunakan sebagai ukuran kadar TNF-α. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kemampuan ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebagai antimalarial, dengan nilai rerata growth inhibit sebesar 88,93%. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara tingkat parasitemia dengan TNF-α (Uji Spearman, r= - 0,838; p=0.002). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akar pasak bumi dapat mengaktivasi TNF-α yang bekerja sebagai imunoproteksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi meningkatkan ekspresi TNF-α yang berhubungan dengan menurunnya tingkat parasitemia pada mencit yang diinfeksi plasmodium berghei.

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ABSTRACT
Malaria is still the main health problem in the world, mainly in tropical countries since its incidence of illness and death is high. The severe symptoms, which may lead to death, are affected not only by the immune response of each individual but also by the efficacy in the malaria treatment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of immune response (TNF-α) of the Plasmodium berghei infected mice which was treated with the pasak bumi root extract as antimalaria. This was in vivo experimental study in which the experimental animals were divided into five different groups (control, Plasmodium berghei and aquades, CMC, Plasmodium berghei and CMC, Plasmodium berghei and pasak bumi root extract). The level of parasitemia were determineted by using thin and thick blood staining. The bead based multiplexing technique was used in the TNF-α examination in order to obtain mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) which was later used as TNF-α standard. The results of this research showed the potential of the pasak bumi root extract as antimalaria with the mean percentage of growth inhibition was 88.93%. The correlation analysis showed a meaningful relation between the parasitemia level and TNF-α (Spearman test, r= - 0,838; p=0.002). This means that the pasak bumi root extract could activate TNF-α which acts as immune protector. In conclucion, the pasak bumi root extract could enhance the TNF-α expression as shown by the decline of the parasitemia level in the Plasmodium berghei infected mouse

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian isolasi dan karakterisasi molekuler Plasmodium berghei yang resistan terhadap artemisinin in vivo. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keterkaitan polimorfisme gen pbatp6 dengan resistensi P. berghei terhadap artemisinin. Penelitian dilakukan di Lembaga Biologi Molekul Eijkman (LBME), Jakarta, selama 12 bulan (April 2006—Maret 2007). Empat isolat P. berghei yang resistan terhadap artemisinin pada dosis 15 dan 250 mg/kg berat badan berhasil diisolasi melalui pengobatan dosis subletal bertingkat selama tiga hari berturut-turut pada mencit galur BALB/c yang diinfeksi P. berghei. Uji resistensi obat yang dilakukan untuk membandingkan pola pertumbuhan parasit galur parental dan salah satu isolat yang resistan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan ED50 sebesar 2,8 kali lipat. Analisis molekuler dengan teknik polymerase chain reaction (PCR) menggunakan primer forward PbATP6-F1 dan reverse PbATP6-R1 dan DNA sequencing menunjukkan adanya perubahan basa guanin menjadi adenin pada nukleotida ke-355 gen pbatp6. Perubahan tersebut mengakibatkan perubahan asam amino dari asam glutamat (E) menjadi lisin (K) pada residu ke-119 yang terletak pada domain transmembran M2 dari protein putatif PbATP6. Perubahan asam amino tersebut belum pernah dilaporkan sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan polimorfisme gen pbatp6 yang diduga berperan pada resistensi P. berghei terhadap artemisinin.

Abstrak :
Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi mematikan yang disebabkan oleh parasit darah, Plasmodium sp. Setiap tahunnya lebih dari satu juta orang meninggal akibat malaria. Kematian akibat malaria terutama disebabkan oleh resistensi parasit terhadap obat antimalaria. Flamboyan (Delonix regia) telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional terhadap malaria di Zambia, beberapa negara Afrika lain dan, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas antimalaria pada tikus yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan kandungan fitokima kulit batang dan biji Delonix regia. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi eksperimental. Penelitian ini menggunakan ekstrak kulit batang dan biji Delonix regia dalam tiga dosis, yaitu 2,8 mg/20 g mencit; 8,4 mg/20 g mencit; dan 14 mg/20 g mencit. Kloroquin dosis 0,52 mg/20 g mencit digunakan sebagai kontrol positif, sedangkan air digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif. Perlakuan diberikan pada hari ke-0 saat mencit dinyatakan terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Parasitemia diamati sebelum pemberian perlakuan (hari ke-0) dan hari ke-3. Selisih densitas parasit pada Hasil penelitian dan uji statistik dengan One Way ANOVA menunjukkan ekstrak kulit batang dan biji Delonix regia tidak memiliki efek penghambat pertumbuhan Plasmodium berghei yang bermakna jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p>0,05). ......Malaria is one of deadly infectious disease caused by blood parasite; Plasmodium sp. Malaria caused more than one million deaths every year. Deaths caused by malaria were particularly due to the parasite's resistance to malarial drugs. Delonix regia has been used as a traditional medicine against malaria in Zambia, some of African countries, and in Nusa Tenggara Timur. This research was done to understand antimalarial effect of Delonix regia bark and seed in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and to know their phytochemical substances. This research used three doses of Delonix regia bark and seed, which were 2,8 mg/20 g mouse; 8,4 mg/20 g mouse; and 14 mg/20 g mouse. Chloroquine 0,52 mg/20 g mouse was used as positive control, whereas water as negative control. The treatments were given at day 0 when the mice have been proven infected by Plasmodium berghei. The observation of parasitemia conducted at day 0 before giving the treatments and day 3. The results and statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA showed Delonix regia bark and seed extract didn't show growth inhibitory effect of Plasmodium berghei compared with negative control.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Sambiloto atau Andrographis panniculata merupakan sebuah tanaman herbal yang memiliki khasiat sebagai antimalaria dengan cara meningkatkan kerja antioksidan dalam tubuh. Hati merupakan salah satu tempat terjadinya fase perkembangan Plasmodium pada penyakit malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas antimalaria dari Ekstrak Etanol Sambiloto (EES) pada mencit yang diiinfeksi Plasmodium berghei secara in vivo melalu pengukuran kadar MDA dan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan hati. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental in vivo menggunakan hewan coba mencit Balb/c. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan mengelompokkan mencit ke dalam empat kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberi perlakuan, kelompok I yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei tetapi tidak diterapi, kelompok II yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei dan diberi EES 2 mg/kgBB serta kelompok III yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei dan diberi klorokuin 10 mg/kgBB selama 3 hari. Analisis kadar MDA dilakukan dengan metode Wills dan aktivitas spesifik katalase dengan metode Mates et al. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi penurunan kadar MDA yang tidak signifikan pada mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei dan diberi ekstrak etanol sambiloto (EES) 2 mg/kgBB dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g jaringan hati). Namun pada kelompok yang diberi perlakuan klorokuin juga terlihat penurunan kadar MDA yang tidak signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g jaringan hati). Sedangkan aktivitas spesifik katalase kelompok yang diberi EES menunjukkan peningkatan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg jaringan hati). Begitupula dengan klorokuin yang menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas spesifik katalase yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (2,97 ± 1,53 vs 3,73 ± 1.56). Kesimpulan: Pada kelompok dengan pemberian EES 2 mg/kgBB terjadi penurunan kadar MDA serta peningkatan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan hati mencit dibandingkan dengan kelompok negatif, tetapi secara statistik tidak bermakna demikian pula dengan kelompok yang diberi klorokuin.

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that has antimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the places for Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyze the activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice which infected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA level and the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue. Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. The research design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of the untreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, group II-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight, group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10 mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Wills method and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method. Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which not significant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2 mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significant compared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue). Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity of catalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue). Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity of catalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ± 1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue). Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decrease of MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissue compared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the group given chloroquine;Introduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that has antimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the places for Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyze the activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice which infected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA level and the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue. Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. The research design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of the untreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, group II-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight, group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10 mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Wills method and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method. Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which not significant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2 mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significant compared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue). Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity of catalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue). Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity of catalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ± 1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue). Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decrease of MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissue compared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the group given chloroquine;Introduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that has antimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the places for Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyze the activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice which infected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA level and the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue. Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. The research design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of the untreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, group II-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight, group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10 mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Wills method and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method. Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which not significant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2 mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significant compared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue). Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity of catalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue). Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity of catalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ± 1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue). Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decrease of MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissue compared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the group given chloroquine

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Artemisinin Combination Therapy ACT merupakan pengobatan lini pertama rekomendasi WHO untuk pengobatan malaria yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodium falciparum, namun resistensi pengobatan tersebut telah ditemukan di beberapa negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan terapi alternatif menggunakan tanaman herbal yaitu Spirulina dalam bentuk crude. Spirulina merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai antiplasmodium karena kemampuan antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan imunomodulator yang dimilikinya. Kemampuan tersebut didapatkan terutama dari kandungan Fikosianin dan beta karoten yang dimilikinya. Penelitian ini menguji Spirulina secara tunggal dan kombinasi dengan Dihidroartemisinin Piperakuin DHP yang merupakan salah satu jenis Terapi Kombinasi Artemisin per oral pada mecit yang telah terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Dosis Spirulina yang digunakan adalah 200 mg/kgBB dan 400 mg/kgBB. Perbandingan densitas parasitemia hari ke-4 dan hari ke-0 pada semua kelompok memilki nilai signifikan p.

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ABSTRACT
Artemisinin Combination Therapy is the first line medication recommended by WHO to cure malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum , but the issue of drug resistance has been discovered in some countries. This research is aimed to find alternative therapy by using the herbal plant, namely Spirulina in crude form. Spirulina is a potential plant to be antiplasmodium since it has antioxidant, anti inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capabilities. The capabilities are obtained from its Phycocyanin and beta carotene. In research single extract of Spirulina and it combination with Dihydroartemisinin Piperaquine DHP as a type of Artemisinin Combination Therapy orally were tested on mice infected by Plasmodium berghei. The doses of Spirulina were 200 mg kgWB and 400 mg kgWB. The comparison of parasitemia on 4th day and 0 day on all groups has a significant value p

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Malaria adalah penyakit infeksi oleh Plasmodium sp. yang saat ini mengalami perkembangan resistensi pengobatan, sehingga diperlukan alternatif terapi baru dengan mengkombinasikan ACT yang menjadi terapi lini pertama malaria di Indonesia dengan bahan lain seperti herbal. Propolis merupakan perekat sarang lebah yang memiliki aktifitas anti-oksidan yang tinggi. Kombinasi ACT dan propolis diharapkan dapat menurunkan kadar parasitemia lebih rendah dan mencegah terjadinya resistensi ACT. Sebanyak 30 mencit diinjeksikan dengan Plasmodium berghei dan diberikan terapi ACT sebagai kontrol positif, propolis 75mg/kgBW, propolis 150mg/kgBW, ACT dengan propolis 75mg/kgBW, dan ACT dengan propolis 150mg/kgBW. Kadar parasitemia didapatkan dari apusan darah tipis yang di ambil selama 7 hari terapi. Data menunjukan bahwa terjadi penurunan kadar parasitemia yang lebih tinggi pada kombinasi ACT dengan propolis 150mg/kgBB dibandingkan kontrol positif. Terapi tunggal propolis tidak memberikan efek inhibisi parasit, namun dosis 150mg/kgBB efektif digunakan sebagai terapi tambahan ACT untuk mengobati malaria pada mencit coba.

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ABSTRACT
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp. which is developing resistance to several therapies. There is a need to find a new therapy by combining ACT, first line malaria therapy in Indonesia, with another substance, such as herbal. Propolis is a hive bee product which has high anti oxidant activity. Combination between ACT and propolis I assume to enhance effectiveness of malarial therapy and to avoid further resistance of ACT. 30 mice were injected by Plasmodium berghei and were given ACT therapy as positive control, propolis 75mg kgBW, propolis 150mg kgBW, ACT with propolis 75mg kgBW, and ACT with propolis 75mg kgBW. Parasites density was calculated from thin blood smear for 7 days therapy. The results shows that the declining parasites density of ACT with propolis 150mg kgBW are found more than the positive control. Single therapy of propolis does not give inhibition effect for parasites, though its 150mg kgBB dose is effective as ACT adjuvant malaria therapy in mice.

Abstrak :
Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan di dunia. Tantangan yang muncul di mengatasi malaria adalah munculnya resistensi terhadap klorokuin, salah satu obat antimalaria. Perlawanan telah mendorong berbagai penelitian untuk menemukan senyawa antimalaria baru. Salah satu potensinya adalah propolis, produk lebah madu, yang mengandung luteolin 7-O glukosida dan kalkon. Luteolin 7-O glukosida menghambat tipe 2. biosintesis asam lemak parasit dan chalcone menghambat proses hemolisis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mempelajari efektivitas kombinasi propolis dan klorokuin dibandingkan diobati dengan klorokuin, propolis saja, dan terapi kombinasi dalam parasitemia mencit (Mus musculus) yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Dosis propolis yang diuji adalah 30 mg/kgBB dan 60 mg/kgBB. Perbedaan tingkat parasitemia yang terkecil dan terbesar masing-masing berada pada kelompok perlakuan terapeutik klorokuin saja, terapi kombinasi dengan dosis 60 mg/kg, terapi kombinasi dengan dosis 60 mg/kgBB, terapi tunggal propolis dengan dosis 30 mg/kgBB, dan terapi tunggal propolis dosis 60 mg/kg berat badan. Terapi tunggal propolis 30 mg/kgBB berhasil dihambat pertumbuhan parasit yang signifikan Namun terapi tunggal propolis 60 mg/kgBB memiliki pengaruh yang tidak signifikan terhadap percepatan pertumbuhan parasit. Namun, terapi tunggal propolis masih belum sebanding dengan terapi tunggal klorokuin. Terapi kombinasi propolis tidak memberikan perubahan yang signifikan pada efek antimalaria klorokuin. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa propolis pada dosis 30 mg/kgBB dan 60 mg/kgBB tidak sesuai untuk digunakan pada terapi kombinasi dengan klorokuin.
Malaria is a health problem in the world. Challenges that appear in to overcome malaria is the emergence of resistance to chloroquine, one of the antimalarial drugs. The resistance has prompted various studies to find new antimalarial compounds. One of the potential is propolis, a honey bee product, which contains luteolin 7-O glucoside and chalcone. Luteolin 7-O glucoside inhibits type 2 . Parasite fatty acid biosynthesis and chalcone inhibit hemolysis. The aim of this study was to study the effectiveness of the combination of propolis and chloroquine compared to treatment with chloroquine, propolis alone, and combination therapy in parasitaemia of mice (Mus musculus) infected with Plasmodium berghei. The doses of propolis tested were 30 mg/kgBW and 60 mg/kgBW. The smallest and largest differences in parasitaemia levels were in the chloroquine only therapeutic treatment group, combination therapy at a dose of 60 mg/kg, combination therapy at a dose of 60 mg/kgBW, propolis single therapy at a dose of 30 mg/kgBW, and propolis single therapy. dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Propolis single therapy 30 mg/kgBW was successfully inhibited by significant parasite growth. However, propolis 60 mg/kgBW single therapy had no significant effect on the acceleration of parasite growth. Although However, propolis single therapy is still not comparable to chloroquine single therapy. Propolis combination therapy did not give a significant change in the antimalarial effect of chloroquine. Therefore, it can be concluded that propolis at doses of 30 mg/kgBW and 60 mg/kgBW is not suitable for use in combination therapy with chloroquine.