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Abstrak :
The human population is heterogenous and consist of popolations of immense ethnic diversity.There are considerable allelic differences between human populations as well as individuals within each ethnic group as a result of molecular heterogeneity of the genome.This,in turn,is responsible for differential allelic expression of genes endowing then with polymorphic characters. The molecular diversity within genes is responsible amongst others, of disease resistance or susceptibility or for that matter drug response. Pharmacogenomics is the key to the understanding of diferential drug response in different patient in relation to genetic constitution. The relevation of such information at the molecular level would assist the pharmaceutical industry to address a therapy directed to each individual.The objective of this article is to understand the mances of the genetic repertoire and correlate it with disease gene identification,genes that have been or can be used as drug targets,identify candidate genes for drug development and recent trend in drug discovery

Abstrak :
The sequencing of the human genome opened a new world of biomarkers. Is it possible to tell by a person's genetic signature how they would respond to a particular drug? his is the dream of "personalized medicine". At the moment as many as half of all drugs do not work for the people who take them. Such pharmacogenomics could also reduce the size and cost of clinical tests by allowing pharma firms to select the most suitable patients. But the reality is rather different. The difficulty lies in proving that they reliably correlete with clinical outcome. Companies that had placed their faith in genomics are now caught in a dilemma: to produce information only or new drugs. As the cost of gene sequencing has fallen, firms have rushed to offer genetic tests directly to consumers, often raising grand expectations. There now seems to be a backlash. Doctors have complained about being bypassed. Most generic tests directly do not provide conclusive evidence of this risk of disease Some academics also remain deeply skeptical about genomics being used in medicine. In addition , personalised medicine would be economic folly for firms who would need to develop a special pill for every patient. Traditionally firms sold conventional one - size - all drugs. Perhaps a better way would be mass customization.

Abstrak :
This book comprises an integrated review of ocular therapeutics across all relevant fields. It addresses the real-world requirements of ophthalmologists, pharmacists and optometrists, as observed through working alongside these practitioners for two decades. Knowledge surrounding  agents used in ophthalmic practice has, historically, been scattered. The book facilitates understanding of ocular drug therapy by compiling all key aspects of the pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutical science, ocular biochemistry and cell biology of these agents. Chapters detail drug transfer across barriers, systemic toxicity of topically applied drugs, autonomic drugs used for diagnostics, as well as anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, glaucoma and antimicrobial therapies, and avenues for the development of new ocular drugs. Applications of extemporaneously prepared formulations are described to inform day-to-day clinical practice.  The use of mucoadhesive polymers in tear substitutes, ocular drug delivery systems, stem cell therapy, pharmacogenomics and antiangiogenic ocular chemotherapy are also explored. The book also provides insights from drugs of herbal origin, and a historical perspective on drugs for ocular use. Practicing and resident ophthalmologists, optometrists, pharmacists, nursing professionals, scholars in ocular drug research and students will equally benefit from this comprehensive guide.