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Abstrak :
Proses produksi pada reaktor biogas dari limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit atau Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) sering menghadapi masalah karena keterbatasan laju hidrolisis. Keterbatasan ini terjadi akibat terbentuknya lumpur dan gumpalan yang mengurangi voulme efektif digester biogas serta mengurangi potensi biogas yang dihasilkan. Lumpur dan gumpalan yang dihasilkan berasal dari tingginya kandungan dan juga serat yang ada pada POME. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan seperti pengambilan secara manual maupun pengadukan secara mekanik atau dengan turbulensi melalui pemompaan cairan dengan kuat. Namun, upaya tersebut memerlukan tambahan alat, SDM dan energi sehingga biaya proses produksi terus meningkat. Sebagai alternatif lain, maka pemanfaatan lipase dan xilanase menjadi alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk pretreatment yang dapat meminimalisir kandungan padatan hemiselulosa dan minyak atau lemak di dalam POME. Lipase dapat menghidrolisa lemak dan minyak menjadi asam lemak rantai pendek dan xilanase dapat menghidrolisa hemiselulosa menjadi monomernya, sehingga memudahkan produksi biogas. Pada penelitian ini telah terbukti bahwa pretreatment dengan xilanase dan lipase mampu menurunkan total suspended solid (TSS) sebesar 49,21 %; total solid (TS) sebesar 34, 52 % dan meningkatkan gula pereduksi sebesar 44,37 %, selain itu mampu menurunkan minyak dan lemak sebesar 88,82 pada konsentrasi 4 %. Serta menignkatkan produksi biogas sebanyak 52,17 % dan penghilangan chemical oxygen demand (COD) sebesar 49,7 %.

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The production process at biogas reactors from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) often faces problems due to limited hydrolysis rates. This limitation occurs due to the formation of mud and lumps which reduce the effective volume of the biogas digester and reduce the potential for biogas produced. The sludge and lumps produced come from the high content and fiber present in the POME. Various treatments have been made such as manual extraction or mechanical stirring or by turbulence through strong fluid pumping. However, these treatments require additional tools, human resources and energy so the production process costs continue to increase. As an alternative, the use of lipase and xylanase is a promising alternative for pretreatment that can minimize the content of hemicellulose and oil or fat in POME. Lipase can hydrolyze fat and oil into short-chain fatty acids and xylanase can hydrolyze hemicellulose into its monomer, thus facilitating biogas production. In this study it was proven that pretreatment with xylanase and lipase was able to reduce total suspended solid (TSS) by 49.21%; total solid (TS) of 34, 52% and increasing reducing sugar by 44.37%, besides that it can reduce oil and fat by 88.82 % at a concentration of 4%. As well as increasing biogas production by 52.17% and removal chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 49.7%.

Abstrak :
Biopelumas berbahan dasar metil ester dari minyak kelapa sawit (POME) adalah salah satu pelumas alternatif yang paling mungkin dikembangkan saat ini karena berasal dari minyak tumbuhan yang ketersediaannya tidak terbatas. Sementara itu, MXene, material baru berdimensi dua, belum banyak diaplikasikan sebagai zat aditif ke dalam pelumas terutama biopelumas. Menggunakan pendekatan simulasi dinamika molekuler, kestabilan MXene didalam POME beserta sifat termofisika campurannya akan diprediksikan. Kedalam campuran POME-MXene kemudian ditambahkan juga partikel nano unggul lainnya yaitu Al2O3. Dengan visualisasi, fenomena interaksi secara atomik yang terjadi diantara; POME-MXene, MXene- Al2O3 dan POME-MXene/Al2O3 dapat diketahui. Prediksi kestabilan, densitas, koefisien difusi dan konduktivitas termal dihasilkan dengan metode Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (EMD) sedangkan metode Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) diterapkan untuk memprediksikan nilai viskositas. Potensial Condensed-phase Optimized Molecular Potential for Atomistic Potential Studies (COMPASS) yang dihibridisasi dengan potensial sederhana LJ 12-6 digunakan untuk mendefinisikan interaksi intra dan inter-molekular pada molekul MXene, Al2O3 serta campuran POME-MXene/Al2O3. Dibandingkan dengan hasil uji laboratorium, didapatkan deviasi rata-rata kurang dari 10% sehingga sifat termofisika pada POME dapat diprediksikan dengan baik. Hasil visualisasi yang diperoleh mampu menjawab bagaimana mekanisme dan bentuk agregasi nanopartikel dalam POME, sehingga dapat menjelaskan sifat termofisika yang khas pada campuran POME dan MXene beserta hibridisasinya. Terutama nilai konduktivitas termal yang semakin turun seiring naiknya temperatur. ......Due to its sustainable resources, Palm Oil Methyl Ester-based lubricants (POME) is one of the alternative lubricants most likely to be developed today. In this study, POME was reinforced by a novel 2D nanomaterial, MXene and other prominent nano material Al2O3. Using molecular dynamics simulation, the stability of MXene in POME and its thermophysical properties were predicted. The predicted interaction between two different dimension (MXene-Al2O3) were also covered. With visualization, other phenomenon of atomic interactions that occur between; POME-MXene and POME-MXene/Alumina were revealed. Predictions of stability, density, diffusion coefficient and thermal conductivity were generated by EMD method while the NEMD method was applied to predict viscosity values. COMPASS which was used to define intra-molecular interactions of POME was hybridized with the simple potential LJ 12-6 which defines the intra and inter-molecular interactions of MXene, Alumina and POME-MXene/Alumina molecules. Compared to laboratory test results, the average deviation is less than 10% so that the thermophysical properties of POME in a good agreement. The visualization results obtained were able to answer how the mechanism and form of nanoparticle aggregation in POME, so as to explain the thermophysical properties typical of the mixture of POME and MXene and its hybridization. Especially the value of thermal conductivity that decreases as the temperature rises.

Abstrak :
Indonesia, as the largest palm oil producer in the world, also produces palm oil mill effluent (POME). While the latter is a liquid waste that is hazardous for the environment, with proper processing, it can be a potential energy source. The objective of this study was to study the performance of biogas production from POME at various temperatures. The POME and sludge mixture was fermented, according to the treatment, at 27-28oC, 45oC, and 55oC, with the results showing that methane could thereby be produced by as much as 0,19 m3, 0,25 m3, and 0,28 m3 respectively. For each kilogram of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, with POME fermentation at room temperature, 45oC, and 55oC, biogas could be produced with methane content of 65.44%, 62.57%, and 59.15%, respectively.

Abstrak :
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) merupakan produk samping dari kegiatan pengolahan kelapa sawit yang berpotensi mencemari lingkungan jika dibuang secara langsung karena tingginya nilai Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), dan Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Walau demikian, POME mengandung kandungan organik yang mendukung habitat bakteri anaerobik penghasil hidrogen. Fermentasi gelap merupakan salah satu pendekatan dalam pengolahan POME di mana dalam prosesnya mampu menghasilkan biohidrogen selain mengatasi masalah limbah. Biohidrogen merupakan sumber energi hijau dan berkelanjutan karena tidak melepaskan produk samping yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi pengaruh konsentrasi karbon:nitrogen:fosfor (C:N:P) dalam meningkatkan produksi biohidrogen menggunakan bakteri Enterobacter aerogenes. Salah satu faktor utama yang mempengaruhi produktivitas bakteri dan hasil total hidrogen adalah sumber nutrien C:N:P dan konsentrasinya. Media yang digunakan adalah POME steril dengan pH 7, fruktosa sebagai sumber karbon, NH4Cl sebagai sumber nitrogen, KH2PO4 sebagai sumber fosfor, dan 5% inokulum bakteri Enterobacter aerogenes dengan inkubasi (24-96 jam, anaerobik, tanpa agitasi, suhu 37oC).  Konsentrasi C:N:P optimum diperoleh pada konsentrasi 5000:500:50 ppm dengan persentase H2 sebesar 1,91%, 12,27%, 18,16%, and 21,33% pada waktu inkubasi 24, 48, 72, dan 96 jam. Terdapat penyisihan nilai COD, BOD, dan TSS terbesar pada POME hasil degradasi bakteri Enterobacter aerogenes, pada variasi konsentrasi C:N:P optimum dengan persentase masing-masing yaitu 89,92%, 84,97%, dan 86,12% pada waktu inkubasi 96 jam. ......Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) contains organic substances that support the habitat of hydrogen-producing anaerobic bacteria and a by-product of palm oil processing with potential environmental pollution if disposed directly due to its high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) value. Dark fermentation is one of the approaches in POME processing to produce biohydrogen in addition to overcome waste problem. Biohydrogen is a green and sustainable energy source because does not release harmful by-products for environment. In this research, the effect of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) concentrations in order to increase biohydrogen production by using the bacterium Enterobacter aerogenes was conducted. One of the main factors affecting bacterial productivity and total hydrogen yield is the source of C:N:P nutrients and concentrations. The media used were sterilized POME with pH 7, fructose as a carbon source, NH4Cl as a nitrogen source, KH2PO4 as a phosphorus source, and 5% of Enterobacter aerogenes inoculum with incubation (24-96 hours, anaerobic, without agitation, temperature of 37oC). The optimum concentration of C:N:P was obtained at a concentration of 5000:500:50 ppm with the proportion of H2 of 1.91%, 12.27%, 18.16% and 21.33% at incubation times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The highest removal of COD, BOD, and TSS in POME degradation of Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria, with respective percentage of 89,92%, 84,97%, and 86,12% on the 96th hours of incubation time.

Abstrak :
The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent.

Abstrak :
The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent.

Abstrak :
Pemerintah Indonesia menargetkan PLTBg dapat mencapai kapasitas 55.000 MW tahun 2025 untuk mendukung target bauran energi, sedangkan realisasinya baru mencapai 731,5 MW. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kelayakan investasi pada proyek pembangunan PLTBg berbahan baku limbah cair kelapa sawit sebagai salah satu solusi untuk tercapainya target Pemerintah Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini, enam skema kombinasi dari teknologi pengolahan limbah cair kelapa sawit menjadi biogas dan teknologi PLTBg disimulasikan menggunakan SuperPro Designer. Kelayakan investasi keenam skema kemudian dianalisis dengan menghitung parameter keekonomian proyek yang menghasilkan skema terbaik berupa skema kombinasi antara teknologi CSTR dan pembangkit listrik tenaga gas dan uap berporos ganda, dengan produksi listrik sebesar 45.919 kWh/day, nilai NPV sebesar IDR 78.886.977.772, IRR sebesar 85,5%, LCoE sebesar 1,40 sen/kWh, dan PBP selama 1,7 tahun. Parameter keekonomian pada skema terbaik sensitif terhadap fluktuasi harga jual produk. Analisis risiko yang dilakukan dengan studi hazard identification (HAZID) dan hazard identification and operability (HAZOP) mengidentifikasi 5 bahaya berisiko tinggi, 9 bahaya risiko sedang, dan 6 bahaya berisiko rendah. Studi dengan bow tie diagram menghasilkan kesimpulan dari bahaya berupa biogas yang mengarah pada terjadinya kejadian utama berupa kebocoran biogas dari CSTR, terdapat 6 ancaman dengan 16 kontrol preventif, serta 6 konsekuensi yang dapat terjadi dengan 17 kontrol mitigasi yang dapat dilakukan. ......Indonesian government sets target for biogas power plant to reach 55.000 MW capacity by 2025 to support the nation’s energy mix target, meanwhile in reality it only reached 731,5 MW. Because of that, this research will conduct investment feasibility study for the construction of a biogas power plant from palm oil mill effluent as one of the solution to reach the Indonesian government’s target. There are six technology schemes that combined palm oil mill effluent processing technologies and biogas power plant technologies in this research, that simulated using SuperPro Designer software so the result would be analyzed to see the feasibility by calculate the economical parameter. The best scheme is combination between CSTR and combined cycle gas turbine multishaft that produce 45. 919 kWh/day, with net profitability index value of IDR 78.886.977.772, and the internal rate of return is 85,5%, the levelized cost of energy is 1,40 cent/Kwh, the payback period is 1,7 years. The best scheme economical parameter is more sensitive to selling price fluxtuation. The risk analysis using hazard identification study (HAZID) and hazard identification and operability study (HAZOP) identified 5 high risk hazards, 9 moderate risk hazards, dan 6 low risk hazards. The bow tie analysis concluded that biogas as a high risk hazard can cause the top event occurs, which is biogas leak from CSTR, with 6 possible causes and 16 preventive controls, plus 6 concequences with 17 mitigative controls.

Abstrak :
Limbah cair kelapa sawit dapat diproses menggunakan teknologi anaerobic digestion untuk menghasilkan biogas. Biogas yang dihasilkan dari proses anaerobic digestion masih memiliki kandungan gas pengotor yang cukup tinggi, yaitu CO2 sebesar 30% – 45% dan H2S sekitar 1500 - 3000 ppm. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan studi kelayakan pembangunan anaerobic digestion dari limbah kelapa sawit dan fasilitas pemurnian biogas dengan tiga pilihan teknologi yaitu water scrubbing, amine scrubbing dan pemisahan menggunakan membran. Kajian teknologi dilakukan dengan melakukan simulasi menggunakan software Aspen Plus dengan laju alir biogas 0,8 MMCFD dan dengan memvariasikan kandungan gas metana dalam biogas sebesar 50% dan 65% fraksi mol. Target produk biometana mengandung CH4 > 95%, CO2 < 5%, H2S < 10 ppm dan kandungan air < 10 lb/MMscf. Biaya investasi dan operasi untuk fasilitas anaerobic digestion menggunakan data proyek biogas terdahulu yang telah terdaftar pada proyek CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) UNFCCC di Indonesia. Sedangkan biaya investasi untuk fasilitas pemurnian biogas didapatkan dari hasil simulasi menggunakan software Aspen Plus. Kajian keekonomian dilakukan untuk menghitung harga jual gas biometana dengan nilai pengembalian investasi yang diharapkan sebesar 12%. Tingkat kemurnian biometana dari fasilitas water scrubbing mencapai 97,38%, dari fasilitas amine scrubbing mencapai 99,93% dan dari fasilitas membran mencapai 95,04%. Dari hasil simulasi dan perhitungan, didapatkan harga jual biometana paling rendah adalah sebesar $13,06/MMBtu dengan menggunakan teknologi amine scrubbing. ......Palm oil Mill Effluent can be processed using anaerobic digestion technology to produce biogas. Biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion process still contains a high amount of impurity gases, namely CO2 of 30% - 45% and H2S of around 1500 - 3000 ppm. This research will conduct a feasibility study on developing a biogas upgrading facility from an anaerobic digestion process of palm oil mill effluent with three technological options, water scrubbing, amine scrubbing and membranes. The technical study was carried out using Aspen Plus software with a biogas flow rate of 0.8 MMCFD and varying the methane content in biogas by 50% and 65% mole fraction. The target biomethane product contains CH4 > 95%, CO2 < 5%, H2S < 10 ppm and water content <10 lb/MMscf. The investment and operating costs for anaerobic digestion facilities use data from previous biogas projects that have been registered in the UNFCCC CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the biogas upgrading facility's investment cost is obtained from the simulation results using Aspen Plus software. An economic study was conducted to calculate the gas price of biomethane with an expected internal rate of return of 12%. The purity level of biomethane from water scrubbing facilities reached 97.38%, from amine scrubbing facilities reached 99.93%, and from membrane facilities reached 95.04%. From the simulation and calculation result, the lowest gas price of biomethane was $ 13.06/MMBtu using amine scrubbing technology.