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"Latar Belakang : Bernapas melalui mulut merupakan upaya adaptasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan udara. Kebiasaan ini dapat mengubah kondisi biologis di dalam lingkungan rongga mulut serta perkembangan anak-anak. Kondisi tersebut mempengaruhi kebersihan rongga mulut yang dapat menimbulkan bau mulut. Pengukuran kondisi bau mulut dapat diukur menggunakan metode organoleptik dengan indra. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri transien rongga mulut yang dapat ditemukan terutama pada saluran akar yang mengalami kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Penelitian mengenai keberadaan Enterococus faecalis pada anak-anak belum diketahui. Tujuan : Menganalisis keberadaaan Enteroccocus faecalis pada sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak-anak berdasarkan kelompok skor organoleptik dan OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified). Metode : Sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak usia 8-11 tahun diuji menggunakan metode ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan nilai organoleptik dan OHIS. Pengelolaan data dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai antar kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dengan tidak melalui mulut (bernafas melalui hidung). Hasil : Sebagian besar tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dan hidung berdasarkan pembagian nilai organoleptik dan OHI-S. Pada salah satu uji ditemukan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok bernapas melalui hidung berdasarkan nilai organoleptik. Terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis lebih tinggi pada plak gigi daripada saliva. Kesimpulan : Keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis ditemukan lebih tinggi pada plak gigi dan terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enteroccocus faecalis meningkat berkaitan dengan kondisi OHI-S.

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Background: Mouth breathing is a type of habitual adaptation of breathing to fulfill the needs of oxygen. This habit could alter the biological oral condition and development of children. The altered condition of the oral environment could affect oral hygiene and cause oral malodor. Organoleptic is using human sense as a measurement to assess severity of oral malodor. Enterococcus faecalis is the transient bacteria of the oral cavity particularly found in the root canal of the failed endodontic treatment teeth. Based on previous studies, Enterococcus faecalis existence in children is unknown.

Purpose: To analyze the existence of Enterococcus faecalis antigen in salivary and tooth plaque samples of children based on organoleptic and OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) score.

Methods: Salivary and tooth plaque sample of children age 8-11 were tested with ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique and divided into several groups. The grouping was done based on the organoleptic and OHI-S score of subjects. Data analyzed by comparing scores between children who have a tendency toward mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on their organoleptic and OHI-S score.

Result: Mostly, there is no significant difference between groups who tend mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on organoleptic and OHI-S score. However, in one of the tests, there is significant difference within groups who breathe with nose based on organoleptic score. The antigen amount of Enterococcus faecalis was found higher in tooth plaque rather than in saliva.

Conclusion: The amount of Enterococcus faecalis antigen is higher in tooth plaque and there is a tendency that the amount of Enterococcus faecalis is influenced by the OHI-S score."

"[ABSTRAKSalah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas hidup adalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Keadaan gigi dan mulut anak usia 12 tahun sangat rentan. Tujuannya menganalisis status kesehatan gigi dan mulut dihubungkan dengan kualitas hidup anak menggunakan COHIP-SF versi Indonesia. Penelitian analitik dengan desain cross-sectional, pada 300 anak usia 12 tahun, wawancara dan pemeriksaan. Diketahui rerata DMF-T 2,51, rerata PUFA 0,49 gigi perorang, dan OHI-S 1,70. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara DMF-T dengan COHIP-SF versi Indonesia(rs=-0,1, p=0,017), PUFA(rs=-0,16, p=0,005) dan OHI-S(rs=-0,16, p=0,004) dengan COHIP-SF versi Indonesia. Kesimpulannya semakin baik status kesehatan gigi anak maka kualitas hidup anak akan semakin baik.

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ABSTRACTOne the factors that affect the quality of life is the dental oral health. Especially the condition of teeth and mouth child 12 years of age are particularly vulnerable. Objective:To analyze the dental health status linked to the quality of life of children using COHIP-SF Indonesian version. Methods:The study analytic with cross-sectional design, the 300 children, interview and examination. Results:The mean DMF-T 2.51, PUFA 0.49, OHI-S 1.70. There is a significant association between the DMF-T (rs=-0.1;p=0.017), PUFA(rs=-0.16;p=0.005), OHI-S (rs=- 0,16;p=0.004) with COHIP-SF Indonesian version. Conclusion:The better the dental health status of children, is the quality of life the children will be better., One the factors that affect the quality of life is the dental oral health. Especially the condition of teeth and mouth child 12 years of age are particularly vulnerable. Objective:To analyze the dental health status linked to the quality of life of children using COHIP-SF Indonesian version. Methods:The study analytic with cross-sectional design, the 300 children, interview and examination. Results:The mean DMF-T 2.51, PUFA 0.49, OHI-S 1.70. There is a significant association between the DMF-T (rs=-0.1;p=0.017), PUFA(rs=-0.16;p=0.005), OHI-S (rs=- 0,16;p=0.004) with COHIP-SF Indonesian version. Conclusion:The better the dental health status of children, is the quality of life the children will be better.]"

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang : Nitric oxide (NO) merupakan sistem pertahanan non spesifik yang berperan sebagai antibakterial di dalam rongga mulut yang dapat ditemukan di dalam saliva. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan konsentrasi NO sebagai sistem pertahanan non spesifik dengan derajat kebersihan gigi dan mulut yang dinilai melalui skor OHI-S. Metode : Sampel yang diteliti adalah saliva unstimulated dan diukur dengan metode Griess Reagent pada 50 subjek dewasa muda yang terdiri dari dua kelompok, yaitu 25 subjek perokok dan 25 subjek non perokok. Indeks skor OHI-S dikategorikan menjadi baik, sedang, dan buruk. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah uji statistik Independent T-test, dan korelasi Spearman. Hasil : Konsentrasi NO saliva pada dewasa muda perokok lebih tinggi dari non perokok dengan adanya perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,05) dan hubungan antara konsentrasi NO dengan skor indeks OHI-S adalah positif sedang dengan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan (r = 0,305, p > 0,05). Kesimpulan : Konsentrasi nitric oxide saliva pada perokok meningkat diakibatkan oleh kondisi kebersihan rongga mulut subjek yang buruk.

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ABSTRACT Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is a non-specific defense system that acts as an antibacterial in the oral cavity which can be found in saliva. Objective: To determine the relationship between NO concentration as a non-specific defense system and the degree of oral hygiene as assessed by the OHI-S score. Methods: The sample studied was unstimulated saliva and measured by the Griess Reagent method on 50 young adult subjects consisting of two groups, namely 25 smoking subjects and 25 non-smoking subjects. The OHI-S score index was categorized into good, moderate, and bad. The analytical method used is the Independent T-test statistical test, and the Spearman correlation. Results: NO salivary concentration in young adult smokers was higher than non-smokers with a significant difference (p <0.05) and the relationship between NO concentration and OHI-S index score was moderate positive with no significant relationship (r = 0.305, p> 0.05). Conclusion: The concentration of salivary nitric oxide in smokers is increased due to poor oral hygiene conditions in the subject."

"Latar belakang: Anak penyandang sindroma Down memiliki oral hygiene yang buruk akibat terbatasnya kemampuan kognitif dan motoriknya dalam menyikat gigi, sehingga mereka membutuhkan edukasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Terdapat berbagai cara edukasi seperti dengan verbal konvensional ataupun dengan menggunakan alat permainan edukatif seperti busy book. Tujuan: Membandingkan perubahan OHI-S pada anak penyandang sindroma Down sebelum dan sesudah edukasi dengan busy book dan verbal konvensional. Metode Penelitian: 30 anak penyandang sindroma Down dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok masing-masing 15 anak dalam kelompok edukasi dengan busy book dan edukasi secara verbal konvensional. Penilaian oral hygiene dilakukan dengan menggunakan OHI-S yang dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah edukasi. Data statistik dianalisis menggunakan t-tes tidak berpasangan untuk membandingkan perubahan OHI-S antara kelompok edukasi dengan busy book dan verbal konvensional. Hasil: Secara substansi, kelompok edukasi dengan busy book (∆ = -0,72±0,44) lebih baik dari pada kelompok edukasi dengan verbal konvensional (∆ = -0,12±0,28). Secara statistik terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara delta OHI-S kelompok edukasi dengan busy book dan verbal konvensional. Kesimpulan: Edukasi dengan busy book pada kelompok anak penyandang sindroma Down lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan edukasi secara verbal konvensional.

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Background: Children with Down syndrome have poor oral hygiene due to their limitations in cognitive and motor development of brushing teeth. Therefore a dental health education by conventional verbal or busy book is needed. Busy book Ayo Sikat Gigi is an educated book designed to educate, improve creativity, cognitive, and fine motor skills of young children in tooth brushing. Objective: Comparing the effectiveness of education with busy book and conventional verbal to oral hygiene changes in children with Down syndrome. Methods: Thirty children with Down syndrome are divided into two groups, 15 children respectively busy book group and 15 children conventional verbal group. Assessment of oral hygiene before and after education was performed by using OHI-S. The data were analyzed using independent t-test for comparison OHI-S changes between busy book group and conventional verbal group. Result: There were a significant difference (p<0,05) of OHI-S between the busy book and conventional verbal group. Conclusion: In Down syndrome children, education by busy book is more effective than conventional verbal."

"Latar Belakang: Permasalahan gigi dan mulut pada anak di usia mixed dentition di Indonesia masih tinggi, salah satunya di daerah Jawa Barat. Permasalahan gigi dan mulut dapat disebabkan oleh status kesehatan oral yang buruk. Status kesehatan oral dapat dinilai dari nilai OHI-S. Status kesehatan mulut buruk ditandai dengan penumpukan plak (salah satunya plak supragingiva) dapat menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah bakteri, salah satunya bakteri Veillonella parvula. Bakteri Veillonella parvula berperan dalam proses adhesi dan metabolisme bakteri late colonizer seperti Treponema denticola yang berperan dalam patogenesis penyakit periodontal. Bakteri Veillonella parvula dan Treponema denticola memiliki protein berupa VtaA dan Msp yang berperan dalam proses adhesi ke biofilm. Sampai saat ini, belum ada penelitian yang meneliti hubungan kedua protein tersebut dengan status kebersihan rongga mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui apakah ada hubungan dan korelasi antara ekspresi gen Msp dan VtaA dengan status kebersihan rongga mulut. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan 40 sampel plak supragingiva yang diambil dari anak berusia 9-12 tahun di SD Sukaluyu dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan kategori skor OHI-S. Sampel kemudian diekstraksi RNA dan DNA, lalu dianalisis menggunakan Real Time PCR. Hasil kuantifikasi DNA dianalisis menggunakan absolute quantification untuk mengidentifikasi jumlah bakteri, sedangkan hasil kuantifikasi RNA dianalisis menggunakan relative quantification untuk membandingkan ekspresi gen. Hasil: Terdapat korelasi positif bermakna (p=0.008) antara jumlah bakteri Treponema denticoladengan memburuknya nilai OHI-S. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah bakteri Treponema denticola pada OHI-S sedang dan buruk (p=0.016). Korelasi positif tidak signifikan ada pada jumlah bakteri Veillonella parvula dan ekspresi gen Msp, sedangkan korelasi negatif tidak signifikan ditemukan pada VtaA. Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara menambahnya jumlah bakteri Treponema denticola seiring dengan memburuknya status kesehatan oral. Tidak ditemukan korelasi dan perbedaan antara jumlah bakteri Veillonella parvula, ekspresi gen Msp dan VtaA jika dibandingkan dengan kategori OHI-S.

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Latar Belakang: Dental and oral problems in children with mixed dentition in Indonesia are still highly prevalent, especially in West Java. These problems are caused by poor oral health status, which can be assessed by OHI-S score. Poor oral health status, which is characterized by plaque accumulation, can cause the quantity of bacteria in mouth to increase. One of those bacterias is Veillonella parvula, a bacteria which plays a role in the adhesion process and metabolism of late colonizer bacteria. Treponema denticola is a late colonizer bacteria which contributes to the progression of periodontal diseases. In order to adhere to a biofilm, Treponema denticola produces protein called Msp, while Veillonella parvula produces VtaA. However, the relationship between these proteins to oral health status has not been well studied. Objective : The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship and correlation between Msp and VtaA gene expression and oral health status. Methods: 40 samples are collected from supragingival plaque of children between the ages of 9-12 years old in SD Sukaluyu and grouped into 3 categories (poor, moderate, good) based on each samples’s OHI-S score. Samples are then extracted and analized by real-time PCR. DNA quantification results are analyzed using absolute quantification to identify the amount of bacteria present. RNA quantification results are analyzed using relative quantification to identify each gene expression relative to calibrator samples. Results: There is a significant positive correlation (p=0.008) found between the quantity of Treponema denticola and OHI-S score. A significant difference (p=0.016) is found between the amount of Treponema denticola in moderate OHI-S and poor OHI-S category. There is a non-significant positive correlation between the amount of Veillonella parvula and Msp gene expression and OHI-S score. VtaA gene expression showed a non-significant negative correlation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated there is a relationship between the increasing quantity of Treponema denticola and the worsening state of oral health status. There is no relationship between Msp and VtaA gene expression and the quantity of Veillonella parvula and oral health status."

"Latar Belakang: Anak-anak yang menderita stunting memiliki berbagai kekurangan jika dibandingkan anak-anak sebayanya yang memiliki HAZ normal, baik dari segi pertumbuhan fisik, emosional, maupun dalam sistem imun. Salah satu komponen sistem imun yang ada dalam tubuh adalah sitokin proinflamasi interleukin-18 yang berperan sebagai faktor kemotaksis sel T, basofil, serta neutrofil, penginduksi interleukin lainnya, serta menginduksi sel Th1 dan IFN- I³. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi gen IL-18 pada anak stunting jika dibandingkan dengan anak dengan HAZ normal, menganalisis korelasi antara status stunting, ekspresi IL-18, status infeksi cacing, serta status OHI-S. Metode: Sampel diambil dari bahan biologis tersimpan berupa RNA cairan sulkus gingiva anak 6-8 tahun di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) (n=8). Kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi RNA, sintesis cDNA, pre amplifikasi, dan kemudian dilakukan real-time PCR. Hasil: Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada ekspresi gen IL-18 anak stunting dibanding anak dengan HAZ normal (p ≥ 0,05) dan tidak pula ditemukan korelasi baik antara status stunting dan status infeksi cacing, ekspresi IL-18 dan status infeksi cacing, status stunting dan OHI-S, maupun ekspresi gen IL-18 dan status OHI-S (p ≥ 0,05). Kesimpulan: Meskipun ditemukan adanya downregulation pada ekspresi gen IL-18 anak stunting jika dibandingkan anak normal, perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna secara statistik Tidak ditemukan korelasi pada ekspresi gen IL-18, status infeksi cacing, serta status OHI-S.

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Background: Stunted children have many handicaps compared to their normal age counterparts who have normal HAZ, either in physical growth, emotional growth, or in their immune system. Interleukin-18 is a part of the immune system, a proinflammatory cytokine that acts as a chemotaxis factor for T-cell, basophil, neutrophil, and inducts IFN- γ, Th1, and other cytokines.

Purpose: To analyze IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to their normal age counterpart, to analyze the correlation between stunting status, IL-18 expression, helminths infection status, and OHI-S.

Methods: Samples were stored biological material, taken from 6 to 7 years old’s gingival crevicular fluid from NTT (n=8). RNA was extracted from samples, then synthesized to cDNA, preamplified, and analyzed in RT-PCR. 

Results: The difference in IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to children with normal HAZ was not statistically significant.  There were no correlation between stunting status and helminths infection status, IL-18 expression and helminths infection status, stunting status, and OHI-S, nor IL-18 expression and OHI-S.

Conclusion: Even though a downregulation in IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to children with normal HAZ was found, the difference was not statistically significant. There was also no correlation between IL-18 expression, helminths infection status, and OHI-S status. "

"Latar Belakang: Salah satu permasalahan kesehatan anak di Indonesia adalah adanya gangguan status nutrisi yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan berupa stunting. Prevalensi stunting tertinggi di Indonesia terdapat di provisi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Pada berbagai penelitian terdahulu tentang kesehatan gigi mulut ditemukan adanya kecenderungan perburukan nilai OHI-S pada anak dengan status nutrisi buruk dan disertai adanya peningkatan populasi bakteri oral Veillonella spesies, yakni bakteri yang berperan penting dalam menjaga integritas komunitas multispesies pada dental biofilm di tahap early colonization sebelum terbentuk middle dan late colonizer. Akan tetapi, sampai saat ini belum diketahui hubungan antara populasi oral Veillonella spesies dengan status stunting. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbandingan distribusi oral Veillonella spesies pada dental biofilm anak usia 6-7 tahun pada kelompok HAZ stunting serta menganalisa korelasi jumlah bakteri oral Veillonella spesies dengan nilai OHI-S. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik laboratorik terhadap 40 sampel dental biofilm dari permukaan gigi M1 rahang bawah anak usia 6-7 tahun yang sebelumnya telah dikelompokkan berdasarkan status HAZ sesuai pengukuran standar WHO dan kategori OHI-S. Ekstraksi DNA dari dental biofilm sampel dilakukan dengan instaGene Matrix Kit. Hasil ekstraksi DNA kemudian dikuantifikasi menggunakan absolute quantification dengan mesin real-time PCR. Jumlah cycle dari tiap sampel dibandingkan dengan jumlah cycle pada kurva standar untuk mendapatkan jumlah bakteri secara spesifik. Hasil: Spesies Veillonella dispar ditemukan dominan di keseluruhan sampel. Jumlah spesies Veillonella denticariosi menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok HAZ normal dan stunting. Jumlah Veilonella denticariosi pada kelompok OHI-S sedang dan buruk menunjukkan korelasi dengan perbedaan bermakna. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jumlah bakteri oral Veillonella spesies dari sampel dental biofilm gigi permanen anak usia 6-7 tahun dengan status stunting, kecuali Veillonella denticariosi. Selain itu, terdapat kecenderungan bahwa semakin buruk status OHI-S maka jumlah Veillonella denticariosi semakin menurun, sedangkan 6 oral Veillonella spesies lain tidak menunjukkan perbedaan jumlah pada kelompok OHI-S yang berbeda. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengetahui peran Veillonella denticariosi terhadap kebersihan mulut dan status nutrisi anak usia 6-7 tahun

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Background: One of the major Indonesian children’s health problems is nutritional disorders that affects child’s developmental process, called stunting. Highest stunting prevalence in Indonesia is in East Nusa Tenggara Province. In various previous studies, it was found that there was a tendency of worsening OHI-S values in children with poor nutritional status and accompanied by an increase in oral Veillonella species population, which are bacteria that play an important role in maintain the integrity of the multispecies community on dental biofilms in early colonization stage before forming middle and late colonizer. However, until now, there is no study regarding the direct relationship between stunting and oral Veillonella spesies. Objective: To analyze distribution of oral Veillonella spesies in dental biofilm from stunting children range from 6-7 years old and to analyze correlation between oral Veillonella spesies and oral hygiene. Methods: Dental biofilm samples collected from 40 Indonesian children’s first permanent molar were divided into 2 groups (normal and stunting) and 3 oral hygiene groups (good, moderate, and poor). Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample. For this, we used absolute quantification of real-time PCR method with species-specific primer sets of 7 oral Veillonella species to detect these species effectively. Results: Veillonella dispar was found as the predominant species among all oral Veillonella species in 40 samples. There are no significant associations between 7 oral Veillonella species with normal and stunting conditions except for Veillonella denticariosi (stunting < normal). Significant associations are also found in moderate and poor oral hygiene status of Veillonella denticariosi also good and moderate oral hygiene status of Veillonella dispar. Significant correlation between Veillonella denticariosi and oral hygiene status is also found. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there is no relationship between number of oral Veillonella species with stunting condition, except Veillonella denticariosi. Besides that, there is a tendency that the worse the OHI-S status, the lower the number of Veillonella denticariosi, while the other 6 oral Veillonella species do not show a difference in numbers in different OHI-S groups. Further research is needed to determine the role of Veillonella denticariosi on oral hygiene and nutritional status of children aged 6-7 years."

"Latar Belakang : Menurut data Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) pada tahun 2022, angka balita yang mengalami stunting di Indonesia masih berada di angka 21,6%. Stunting dapat berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan umum serta status kebersihan rongga mulut. Status kebersihan rongga mulut suatu individu dapat diukur menggunakan Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S). Salah satu hal yang mempengaruhi kesehatan rongga mulut adalah pola diet dan kapasitas mikroflora oral dalam mereduksi nitrat di dalam mulut. Dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang kaya akan nitrat seperti buah beetroot, dapat meningkatkan proses reduksi nitrat menjadi nitrit dan nitric oxide oleh bakteri seperti Veilonella dan Rothia. Proses ini meningkatkan kadar NO secara sistemik yang berperan dalam penurunan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular dan pencegahan penyakit mulut. Tujuan : Mengamati pengaruh status stunting, status OHI-S, dan kadar nitrat pada beetroot terhadap kadar keasaman (pH), kadar nitrit, dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia spp pada biofilm, serta mengetahui perbedaan potensi beetroot dalam pertumbuhan bakteri Rothia pada biofilm In vitro yang berasal dari kelompok stunting dan non-stunting dengan kebersihan rongga mulut yang berbeda sesuai dengan kriteria OHI-S. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel usap lidah dari 20 subjek anak stunting dan non-stunting yang dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok berdasarkan status stunting dan OHI-S, kemudian dilakukan uji biofilm dengan durasi inkubasi 5 dan 9 jam dalam keadaan aerofilik. Perhitungan kadar keasaman (pH) menggunakan kertas lakmus, uji griess digunakan untuk mengetahui kadar nitrit pada biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count (TPC) untuk mengetahui viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Setiap kelompok sampel tersebut diberikan intervensi yang berbeda yaitu kadar nitrat pada beetroot sebesar 6,25 µM dan 3,25 µM. Uji statistik yang dilakukan adalah Uji Mann-Whitney U dan Uji Wilcoxon. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar kesamaan (pH), kadar nitrit, dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm berdasarkan status stunting, status OHI-S, dan konsentrasi nitrat pada beetroot (p>0.05). Namun, terdapat tendensi peningkatan kadar nitrit dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada kelompok non-stunting, kelompok OHI-S baik, dan kelompok dengan intervensi nitrat pada beetroot sebesar 6,25 µM. Berdasarkan durasi inkubasi, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar keasaman (pH), kadar nitrit, dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Hasil menunjukkan adanya tren peningkatan kadar nitrit pada durasi 5 jam namun menurun pada durasi 9 jam. Pada viabilitas bakteri Rothia, adanya tendensi peningkatan bakteri Rothia setelah inkubasi 9 jam dibanding 5 jam. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan potensi nitrat pada Beetroot dalam pertumbuhan bakteri Rothia pada biofilm di setiap kelompok sampel. Berdasarkan hasil PCR konvensional, bakteri Rothia yang tumbuh pada medium adalah bakteri Rothia dentocariosa. Kesimpulan : Beetroot memiliki potensi dalam mengakselerasi pertumbuhan Rothia pada biofilm anak stunting dan non-stunting. Status stunting dan status OHI-S tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap kadar pH, kadar nitrit, serta viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Peningkatan konsentrasi nitrat pada Beetroot sebagai variabel bahan uji tidak menyebabkan adanya perbedaan bermakna terhadap kadar pH, kadar nitrit, serta viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Selain itu, peningkatan durasi inkubasi dari 5 ke 9 jam juga tidak menyebabkan adanya perbedaan pada kadar pH, kadar nitrit, serta viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm di setiap kelompok sampel.

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Background: According to data from the Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) in 2022, the number of toddlers experiencing stunting in Indonesia is 21.6%. Stunting can affect general health and oral hygiene status. An individual's oral hygiene status can be measured using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S). One of the things that affects oral health is diet and the capacity of oral microflora to reduce nitrate in the mouth. Consuming nitrate-rich fruit and vegetable such as beets can increase the process of reducing nitrate to nitrite and nitric oxide by bacteria such as Veilonella and Rothia. This process increases NO levels systemically which play a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and preventing oral diseases. Objective: To observe the effect of stunting status, OHI-S status, and nitrate levels in beetroot on acidity levels (pH), nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms, and to observe the differences potential of beets in the growth of Rothia bacteria in biofilms from stunted and non-stunted groups with different oral hygiene according to the OHI-S criteria. Methods: This study used tongue swab samples from 20 stunted and non-stunted children collected into 4 groups based on stunting status and OHI-S, then biofilm tests were carried out with an incubation duration of 5 and 9 hours in aerobic conditions. The calculation of acidity levels (pH) using litmus paper, the griess test was used to determine the nitrite levels in the biofilm, and the Total Plate Count (TPC) test to determine the viability of Rothia bacteria in the biofilm. Each sample group was given a different intervention, namely the nitrate levels in beets of 6.25 µM and 3.25 µM. The statistical tests performed were the Mann-Whitney U Test and the Wilcoxon Test. Results: There was no significant difference in the similarity level (pH), nitrite level, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms based on stunting status, OHI-S status, and nitrate concentration in beetroot (p>0.05). However, there was a tendency for an increase in nitrite levels and viability of Rothia bacteria in the non-stunting group, the good OHI-S group, and the group with nitrate intervention in beetroot of 6.25 µM. Based on the incubation duration, there was no significant difference in acidity levels (pH), nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms. The results showed a trend of increasing nitrite levels at a duration of 5 hours but decreased at 9 hours. In the viability of Rothia bacteria, there was a tendency for an increase in Rothia bacteria after 9 hours of incubation compared to 5 hours. In addition, there was a difference in the potential of nitrate in beetroot in the growth of Rothia bacteria in biofilms in each sample group. Based on the results of conventional PCR, the Rothia bacteria that grew in the medium were Rothia dentocariosa. Conclusion: Beetroot has the potential to accelerate Rothia growth in biofilms of stunted and non-stunted children. Stunting status and OHI-S status have no effect on pH levels, nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms. Increasing nitrate concentration in Beetroot as a variable did not cause any significant differences in pH levels, nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms. In addition, increasing the incubation duration from 5 to 9 hours also did not cause any differences in pH levels, nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms in each sample group."

"Latar Belakang : Menurut data Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) pada tahun 2022, angka balita yang mengalami stunting di Indonesia masih berada di angka 21,6%. Stunting dapat berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan umum serta status kebersihan rongga mulut. Status kebersihan rongga mulut suatu individu dapat diukur menggunakan Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S). Salah satu hal yang mempengaruhi kesehatan rongga mulut adalah pola diet dan kapasitas mikroflora oral dalam mereduksi nitrat di dalam mulut. Dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang kaya akan nitrat seperti buah beetroot, dapat meningkatkan proses reduksi nitrat menjadi nitrit dan nitric oxide oleh bakteri seperti Veilonella dan Rothia. Proses ini meningkatkan kadar NO secara sistemik yang berperan dalam penurunan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular dan pencegahan penyakit mulut. Tujuan : Mengamati pengaruh status stunting, status OHI-S, dan kadar nitrat pada beetroot terhadap kadar keasaman (pH), kadar nitrit, dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia spp pada biofilm, serta mengetahui perbedaan potensi beetroot dalam pertumbuhan bakteri Rothia pada biofilm In vitro yang berasal dari kelompok stunting dan non-stunting dengan kebersihan rongga mulut yang berbeda sesuai dengan kriteria OHI-S. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel usap lidah dari 20 subjek anak stunting dan non-stunting yang dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok berdasarkan status stunting dan OHI-S, kemudian dilakukan uji biofilm dengan durasi inkubasi 5 dan 9 jam dalam keadaan aerofilik. Perhitungan kadar keasaman (pH) menggunakan kertas lakmus, uji griess digunakan untuk mengetahui kadar nitrit pada biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count (TPC) untuk mengetahui viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Setiap kelompok sampel tersebut diberikan intervensi yang berbeda yaitu kadar nitrat pada beetroot sebesar 6,25 µM dan 3,25 µM. Uji statistik yang dilakukan adalah Uji Mann-Whitney U dan Uji Wilcoxon. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar kesamaan (pH), kadar nitrit, dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm berdasarkan status stunting, status OHI-S, dan konsentrasi nitrat pada beetroot (p>0.05). Namun, terdapat tendensi peningkatan kadar nitrit dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada kelompok non-stunting, kelompok OHI-S baik, dan kelompok dengan intervensi nitrat pada beetroot sebesar 6,25 µM. Berdasarkan durasi inkubasi, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar keasaman (pH), kadar nitrit, dan viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Hasil menunjukkan adanya tren peningkatan kadar nitrit pada durasi 5 jam namun menurun pada durasi 9 jam. Pada viabilitas bakteri Rothia, adanya tendensi peningkatan bakteri Rothia setelah inkubasi 9 jam dibanding 5 jam. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan potensi nitrat pada Beetroot dalam pertumbuhan bakteri Rothia pada biofilm di setiap kelompok sampel. Berdasarkan hasil PCR konvensional, bakteri Rothia yang tumbuh pada medium adalah bakteri Rothia dentocariosa. Kesimpulan : Beetroot memiliki potensi dalam mengakselerasi pertumbuhan Rothia pada biofilm anak stunting dan non-stunting. Status stunting dan status OHI-S tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap kadar pH, kadar nitrit, serta viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Peningkatan konsentrasi nitrat pada Beetroot sebagai variabel bahan uji tidak menyebabkan adanya perbedaan bermakna terhadap kadar pH, kadar nitrit, serta viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm. Selain itu, peningkatan durasi inkubasi dari 5 ke 9 jam juga tidak menyebabkan adanya perbedaan pada kadar pH, kadar nitrit, serta viabilitas bakteri Rothia pada biofilm di setiap kelompok sampel.

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Background: According to data from the Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) in 2022, the number of toddlers experiencing stunting in Indonesia is 21.6%. Stunting can affect general health and oral hygiene status. An individual's oral hygiene status can be measured using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S). One of the things that affects oral health is diet and the capacity of oral microflora to reduce nitrate in the mouth. Consuming nitrate-rich fruit and vegetable such as beets can increase the process of reducing nitrate to nitrite and nitric oxide by bacteria such as Veilonella and Rothia. This process increases NO levels systemically which play a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and preventing oral diseases. Objective: To observe the effect of stunting status, OHI-S status, and nitrate levels in beetroot on acidity levels (pH), nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms, and to observe the differences potential of beets in the growth of Rothia bacteria in biofilms from stunted and non-stunted groups with different oral hygiene according to the OHI-S criteria. Methods: This study used tongue swab samples from 20 stunted and non-stunted children collected into 4 groups based on stunting status and OHI-S, then biofilm tests were carried out with an incubation duration of 5 and 9 hours in aerobic conditions. The calculation of acidity levels (pH) using litmus paper, the griess test was used to determine the nitrite levels in the biofilm, and the Total Plate Count (TPC) test to determine the viability of Rothia bacteria in the biofilm. Each sample group was given a different intervention, namely the nitrate levels in beets of 6.25 µM and 3.25 µM. The statistical tests performed were the Mann-Whitney U Test and the Wilcoxon Test. Results: There was no significant difference in the similarity level (pH), nitrite level, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms based on stunting status, OHI-S status, and nitrate concentration in beetroot (p>0.05). However, there was a tendency for an increase in nitrite levels and viability of Rothia bacteria in the non-stunting group, the good OHI-S group, and the group with nitrate intervention in beetroot of 6.25 µM. Based on the incubation duration, there was no significant difference in acidity levels (pH), nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms. The results showed a trend of increasing nitrite levels at a duration of 5 hours but decreased at 9 hours. In the viability of Rothia bacteria, there was a tendency for an increase in Rothia bacteria after 9 hours of incubation compared to 5 hours. In addition, there was a difference in the potential of nitrate in beetroot in the growth of Rothia bacteria in biofilms in each sample group. Based on the results of conventional PCR, the Rothia bacteria that grew in the medium were Rothia dentocariosa. Conclusion: Beetroot has the potential to accelerate Rothia growth in biofilms of stunted and non-stunted children. Stunting status and OHI-S status have no effect on pH levels, nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms. Increasing nitrate concentration in Beetroot as a variable did not cause any significant differences in pH levels, nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms. In addition, increasing the incubation duration from 5 to 9 hours also did not cause any differences in pH levels, nitrite levels, and viability of Rothia bacteria in biofilms in each sample group."

"Latar Belakang: Pada tahun 2018 ditemukan angka prevalensi karies anak di Indonesia mencapai 90,2%. Sebelumnya saliva diketahui dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker karies dengan menguji kuantitatif bakteri, identitas konsentrasi protein, karakteristik psikokimia serta karakteristik biokimia. Tujuan: Menganalisis konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva anak ECC (early childhood caries) dan bebas karies serta kaitannya dengan skor dmf-t, OHI-S, viskositas saliva dan laju alir saliva. Metode: Mengukur konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada 33 sampel saliva anak tersimpan (22 sampel saliva anak ECC dan 11 sampel saliva anak bebas karies) dengan ELISA. Hasil: Analisis Mann Whitney antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva ECC dan anak bebas karies didapatkan nilai p=0 serta didapatkan nilai p=0 dan r= -0,641 saat dilakukan analisis Spearman. Analisis Kruskal Wallis pada konsentrasi malondialdehyde anak dengan skor dmf-t berbeda didapatkan nilai p=0,014 serta didapat nilai p=0,004 dan r=0,488 saat dilakukan analisis Spearman. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna serta korelasi antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde terhadap skor OHI-S, viskositas dan laju alir saliva berbeda. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva anak ECC berbeda dengan konsentrasi malondialdehyde anak bebas karies, semakin tinggi konsentrasi malondialdehyde maka semakin parah karies yang dialami anak. Anak dengan skor dmf- t yang berbeda memiliki konsentrasi malondialdehyde yang berbeda pula. Semakin tinggi skor dmf-t semakin tinggi pula konsentrasi malondialdehyde. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada anak bebas karies dan ECC terhadap skor OHI- S, viskositas saliva dan laju alir saliva.

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Background: In 2018, prevalence rate of children’s caries in Indonesia reached 90,2%. Previously, saliva was known as a caries biomarker by testing quantitative bacteria, protein concentration identity, psychochemical and biochemical characteristics. Objective: Analyze malondialdehyde concentration in children’s saliva with ECC (early childhood caries) and caries-free and its relation to dmf-t score, OHI-S, salivary viscosity and salivary flow rate. Methods: Measuring malondialdehyde concentration from 33 stored children’s saliva samples (22 samples ECC and 11 samples caries-free) using ELISA. Results: Mann Whitney analysis between malondialdehyde concentration from ECC children’s saliva and caries free children obtained p=0 and then p=0, r= -0,641 for Spearman analysis. Kruskal Wallis analysis of malondialdehyde concentrations in children with different dmf-t scores obtained p=0,014 and p=0,004, r=0,488 for Spearman analysis. There was no significant difference and there was no significant correlation between malondialdehyde concentration and OHI-S score, viscosity and different salivary flow rates. Conclusion: Malondialdehyde concentration in ECC children’s saliva was different from malondialdehyde concentration in caries free children, higher malondialdehyde concentration show worse caries experienced in children. Children with different dmf-t scores had different malondialdehyde concentrations. Higher dmf-t score show higher malondialdehyde concentration. There was no relation between malondialdehyde concentration in caries-free children and ECC to OHI-S score, salivary viscosity and salivary flow rate."