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Abstrak :
Most people assume that climate change is recent news. A Temperate Empire: Making Climate Change in Early America shows that we have been debating the science and politics of climate change for a long time, since before the age of industrialization. Focusing on attempts to transform New Englands and Nova Scotias environments from the seventeenth through early nineteenth centuries, this book explores the ways that early Americans studied and tried to remake local climates according to their plans for colonial settlement and economic development. For officials, landowners, naturalists, and other local elites, the Northeasts frigid, long winters and short, muggy summers were persistent sources of anxiety. They became intensely interested in understanding the regions natural history and, ultimately, in reducing their vulnerability to it. In the short term, European migrants from other northern countries would welcome the cold or, as one Loyalist from New Hampshire argued, the cold would moderate the supposedly fiery temperaments of Jamaicans deported to colonial Nova Scotia. Over the long term, however, the expansion of colonial farms was increasingly tempering the climate itself. A naturalist in Vermont agreed with Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson when he insisted that every cultivated part of America was already more temperate, uniform, and equal than before colonization, an eighteenth-century forecast of permanent, global warming they wholeheartedly welcomed. By pointing to such ironies, A Temperate Empire emphasizes the necessarily historical nature of the climate and our knowledge about it.

Abstrak :
The focus of this book is the fundamental influence of the cyphering tradition on mathematics education in North American colleges, schools, and apprenticeship training classes between 1607 and 1861. It is the first book on the history of North American mathematics education to be written from that perspective. The principal data source is a set of 207 handwritten cyphering books that have never previously been subjected to careful historical analysis.

Abstrak :
The Land Is Our History tells the story of indigenous legal activism at a critical juncture in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In the late 1960s, indigenous activists protested policies of assimilation and the usurpation of their lands as a new mining boom took off, both of which radically threatened their collective identities. Often excluded from legal recourse in the past, indigenous leaders took their claims to settler law with remarkable results. For the first time, their distinctive histories were admitted into court as evidence of their rights. Examining how indigenous peoples opened up courts and commissions of inquiry between the early 1970s to the mid-1990s for the recognition of their rights, this book chronicles an extraordinary and overlooked history in which virtually disenfranchised peoples forced powerful settler democracies to reckon with their demands. Based in extensive archival research and interviews with leading participants, it brings to the fore complex and rich discussions among activists, lawyers, anthropologists, judges, and others in cases on remote frontiers about rights, history, and identity. The effects of these debates in far-flung communities were unexpectedly wide ranging. By asserting that they were the first peoples of the land, indigenous leaders made powerful settler governments negotiate with them about their distinct rights and status. Fracturing national myths and making new stories of origin necessary, indigenous peoples claims challenged settler societies to rethink their sense of belonging. Yet, in the process, indigenous claimants found their own identities becoming fixed by law to persisting ideas of authenticity.

Abstrak :
The pollination biology of North American orchids brings together, for the first time, a comprehensive treatment of this information for all native and introduced North American orchids found north of Mexico and Florida. It provides detailed information on genetic compatibility, breeding systems, pollinators, pollination mechanisms, fruiting success, and limiting factors for each species. Distribution, habitat, and floral morphology are also summarized. In addition, detailed line drawings emphasize orchid reproductive organs and their adaptation to known pollinators. This, the first of two volumes, furnishes a brief introduction to the general morphology of the orchid flower and the terminology used to describe orchid breeding systems and reproductive strategies. It treats the lady’s-slippers of genus cypripedium, subfamily cypripedioideae, and nine genera of the subfamily orchidoideae, including the diverse rein orchids of genus platanthera.

Abstrak :
The right to determine tribal citizenship is fundamental to the exercise of tribal sovereignty. Deciding who belongs to Indian tribes has a complicated history, however, especially in the South. Indians who remained in the South following removal became a marginalized and anomalous people in an emerging biracial world. Despite the economic hardships and assimilationist pressures they faced, they insisted on their political identity as citizens of tribal nations and rejected Euro-American efforts to turn them into another racial minority. Drawing upon their cultural traditions, kinship patterns, and evolving needs to protect their land, resources, and identity from outsiders, southern Indians constructed tribally-specific citizenship criteria that went beyond the dominant societys racial definitions of Indian. This book addresses how six southern tribes, the Pamunkey Indian Tribe of Virginia, the Catawba Indian Nation of South Carolina, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, decided who belonged. By focusing on the rights and resources at stake, the effects of state and federal recognition, the influence of kinship systems and racial ideologies, and the process of creating official tribal rolls, this book historicizes belonging and reveals how Indians established legal identities. The varying experiences of these six tribes belie the notion of an essential Indian and show that citizenship in a tribe is a historically-constructed and constantly-evolving process.

Abstrak :
In November 2008, the Regional Economic Studies Programme of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) and the Singapore office of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada organised a forum on Regional Economic Integration ASEAN and Canadian Perspectives.