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"The city of Cirebon was not as large as Batavia (Jakarta) or Semarang, but its location on the northern shore of Java made it an important harbour city from which the inland regions of the southern part of West Java could be serviced. As a harbour town, Cirebon became the regional centre of trade and commerce, and many Chinese immigrants settled there. As were other cities, Cirebon fell under the governance of the VOC and later of the Netherlands Indies administration A Chinese officer was appointed to deal with Chinese community issues in the region. With the exception of the well-known Major (Majoor der Chinezen) Tan Tjin Kie, whose funeral is described in his sons book, little is known about the other Chinese officers in Cirebon. Most publications concentrate on the Chinese officers in Batavia or Semarang or in other large cities. Numerous Chinese officers were appointed in Cirebon and in the surrounding regions. Many of them were members of four or five big families. This article describes their lives, families, and descendants, their businesses, and their whereabouts.;ABSTRAKThe city of Cirebon was not as large as Batavia (Jakarta) or Semarang, but its location on the northern shore of Java made it an important harbour city from which the inland regions of the southern part of West Java could be serviced. As a harbour town, Cirebon became the regional centre of trade and commerce, and many Chinese immigrants settled there. As were other cities, Cirebon fell under the governance of the VOC and later of the Netherlands Indies administration A Chinese officer was appointed to deal with Chinese community issues in the region. With the exception of the well-known Major (Majoor der Chinezen) Tan Tjin Kie, whose funeral is described in his sons book, little is known about the other Chinese officers in Cirebon. Most publications concentrate on the Chinese officers in Batavia or Semarang or in other large cities. Numerous Chinese officers were appointed in Cirebon and in the surrounding regions. Many of them were members of four or five big families. This article describes their lives, families, and descendants, their businesses, and their whereabouts.;ABSTRAKThe city of Cirebon was not as large as Batavia (Jakarta) or Semarang, but its location on the northern shore of Java made it an important harbour city from which the inland regions of the southern part of West Java could be serviced. As a harbour town, Cirebon became the regional centre of trade and commerce, and many Chinese immigrants settled there. As were other cities, Cirebon fell under the governance of the VOC and later of the Netherlands Indies administration A Chinese officer was appointed to deal with Chinese community issues in the region. With the exception of the well-known Major (Majoor der Chinezen) Tan Tjin Kie, whose funeral is described in his sons book, little is known about the other Chinese officers in Cirebon. Most publications concentrate on the Chinese officers in Batavia or Semarang or in other large cities. Numerous Chinese officers were appointed in Cirebon and in the surrounding regions. Many of them were members of four or five big families. This article describes their lives, families, and descendants, their businesses, and their whereabouts."

"ABSTRACTPada akhir abad ke-19 hingga awal abad ke-20, Hindia Belanda dan Malaya mulai dikunjungi oleh wisatawan dari luar negeri. Oleh karena itu, diterbitkan buku panduan tentang Hindia Belanda dan Malaya bagi para traveller dan wisatawan. Dengan menggunakan metode historis, artikel ini membahas informasi apa, bagaimana, dan mengapa disajikan dalam buku panduan wisata pada masa awal pariwisata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa buku panduan memberikan berbagai informasi yang tidak hanya tentang objek yang dapat dikunjungi, tetapi juga tentang pemandangan alam, masyarakat, kuliner, flora, fauna, dan adat di berbagai wilayah itu. Informasi disajikan dalam bentuk narasi panjang dan teks praktis dilengkapi dengan ilustrasi. Ilustrasi dalam buku panduan wisata Hindia Belanda lebih bervariasi dan menonjolkan alam dan budaya dibandingkan buku panduan Malaya. Baik buku panduan wisata Hindia Belanda maupun Malaya sama-sama mempresentasikan objek eksotis dengan tujuan untuk menarik wisatawan Barat."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini hadir untuk menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan kolonial Hindia Belanda dibuat pada masa akhir kekuasaannya. Satu-satunya penelitian sejarawan Indonesia yang mendalam mengenai masa ini adalah Runtuhnya Hindia Belanda karya Onghokham (1989). Berbeda dengan karya Ong, penelitian ini memberikan perhatian pada pembuatan kebijakan kolonial. Dengan demikian, pertanyaan utama yang dihadirkan adalah mengenai alasan pemerintah kolonial melaksanakan kebijakan kolonial dengan pola reaksioner. Pembahasan pada pembuatan kebijakan tersebut juga berfokus pada figur Gubernur Jenderal Tjarda van Starkenborgh yang dikenal sebagai golongan liberal. Dengan menggunakan metode kesejarahan Gottschalk (1975), penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat dua faktor yang menyebabkan Hindia Belanda tidak mengakomodasi perubahan politik mendasar. Alasan pertama berkaitan dengan struktur kolonial yang membuat gubernur jenderal tidak memiliki kekuasaan untuk membuat perubahan. Sedangkan alasan kedua berkaitan dengan tekanan berbagai kepentingan yang harus dipertimbangkan oleh gubernur jenderal. Kedua faktor ini pada akhirnya membuat Hindia Belanda di bawah seorang gubernur jenderal yang liberal menjalankan kebijakan yang sangat reaksioner dan menghasilkan ketidakpuasan kaum bumiputra. Sekalipun telah memperhatikan berbagai sudut pandang, penelitian ini masih memiliki ruang bagi pembahasan lanjutan yang mempertimbangkan pandangan-pandangan figur kolonial lain dan pertimbangan terhadap sumber kearsipan yang lebih beragam.

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ABSTRACTThis research present to explain how the Netherlands Indies policies were made at the end of their rule. The only in-depth study of Indonesian historian on this period was Runtuhnya Hindia Belanda by Onghokham (1989). In contrast to Ongs work, this research pays attention to colonial policy-making. Thus, the main question presented was about the reasons of the colonial government to implement reactionary colonial policies in the changing colonial world. The discussion on policy-making also focused on the figure of Governor-general Tjarda van Starkenborgh, who was known as liberal. Applying the Gottschalk historical method (1975), this study found that there were two main factors which caused the Netherlands Indies not to accommodate fundamental political changes. The first reason related to the colonial structure which made the governor-general powerless to make any changes. While the second reason related to the pressure of various interests that must be considered by the governor-general. These two factors ultimately led the Netherlands Indies, even under a liberal governor-general, to carry out a very reactionary policy and evoke dissatisfaction within the natives. Despite observing various perspectives, this research still has room for further discussion that considers the views of other colonial figures and considerations of a more diverse source of archives.

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