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"Kerusakan akibat bencana alam seringkali menjadi pemicu bagi solidaritas masyarakat melalui upaya bantuan di dalam komunitas. Altruisme dan empati merupakan faktor yang terkait dengan respons individu terhadap bencana alam dan upaya rekonstruksi yang diperlukan untuk memulihkan komunitas yang terdampak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran altruisme dan empati dalam pemberian pertolongan bencana alam. Diasumsikan bahwa adanya altruisme dan empati secara positif dengan kontribusi bantuan selama bencana alam. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain korelasional pada 327 partisipan yang direkrut melalui metode convenience sampling. Altruisme diukur melalui Self-Report Altruism Scale, sedangkan empati diukur melalui Toronto Empathy Questionnaire. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif antara kedua variabel tersebut dan bantuan selama bencana alam. Meskipun tidak ada alasan tunggal yang menjelaskan fenomena ini secara tegas, literatur menyajikan berbagai teori yang memberikan pemahaman terhadap hasil yang menunjukkan hubungan positif dan signifikan antara altruisme serta empati dengan bantuan selama bencana alam.

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The devastation that comes with natural disasters brings people together through the help within the community. Altruism and empathy are variables found to be related to how individuals who respond to natural disasters and the rebuilding needed to fix the damaged community. The current study attempts to investigate the role of altruism and empathy in natural disaster helping. Altruism and empathy are hypothesized to positively correlate with providing help during natural disasters. A correlational study was conducted on a convenience sample of 327 participants. Altruism was measured from Self-Report Altruism Scale, while empathy was measured using Toronto Empathy Questionnaire. In this study, it was found that these variables do have a positive correlation with natural disaster helping. There is no clear one reason why this is true, however, many theories through various literatures provides an insight on the results indicates the positive and significant correlation with both altruism and empathy with natural disaster helping."

"Bencana alam dapat memiliki dampak jangka panjang terhadap pendidikan, dan hal ini juga berlaku pada individu yang terdampak pada tahap awal kehidupan mereka. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melihat apabila janin yang terdampak tsunami Aceh pada tahun 2004 memiliki pencapaian pendidikan yang lebih rendah. Data yang digunakan adalah data cross-section individu yang berada dalam kandungan dan berumur 0-4 tahun di provinsi Aceh saat tsunami terjadi. Estimasi dilakukan dengan pendekatan difference-in-difference. Hasil estimasi menyatakan bahwa individu yang terdampak tsunami saat berada di dalam kanudngan memiliki lama bersekolah dan probabilitas menyelesaikan sekolah menengah pertama yang lebih rendah. Hasil estimasi juga menemukan bahwa dampak negatif ini tertinggi pada janin yang terdampak saat berada di trimester kedua kehamilan. Stres pada ibu hamil menjadi mekanisme potensial dari dampak ini. Walaupun dampak ini dapat dikurangi dengan adanya efek pengasuhan, para individu ini tetap berada dalam kondisi rentan sehubungan dengan dampak tsunami yang cenderung persisten dan laten, sesuai dengan fetal origin hypothesis.

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Natural disasters can have long-run impact on education, and this can also apply to individuals affected in their early stage of life. This study aims to see whether fetuses exposed to the 2004 Aceh tsunami exhibit lower educational attainment. I utilize cross-section data using individuals in-utero and aged 0-4 years old in Aceh province when the tsunami occurred, and perform an estimation using difference-in-difference approach. The result shows that individuals exposed to the tsunami when they were in utero have fewer years of education, and have lower probability of finishing middle school. This study also finds that the negative effect is highest on individuals exposed in the second trimester of pregnancy. Maternal stress is the potential mechanism behind this effect. Although this effect can be reduced by nurture effect, these individuals are still in vulnerable condition, because the effect of the tsunami tend to be persistent and latent, following the fetal origin hypothesis."

"Most areas in Indonesia are prone to natural disasters. Learning the lessons from the Aceh Tsunami in 2004, areas with high risks of natural disasters are in the process of preparing themselves for such an unexpected event, by increasing their resilience. The objective of this studyis to shed more lights on factors affecting the resilience from two sources namely, existing literatures and the application of disaster management in four disaster-prone areas in Indonesia -Padang, Sleman, Cilacap, and Palu. To enrich our analysis, we collect data from the field tocompare the preparedness and to get insights on people?s perceptions towards the factors of resilience in those areas. We employ IDI and FGD to identify the factors of resilience and the preparedness in the areas investigated. Thereafter, a preliminary survey is conducted to identify people?s perceptions towards the

aspects of resilience in the areas.

Results from the survey conducted to 800 households in Padang and Cilacap indicates that from the social aspect, community?s value cohesiveness is one of important factor affecting their resilience towards natural disaster. In addition, since almost 85 percent of their income was spending to fulfill their daily basic needs such as foods, clothing, and housing. Therefore, when disaster occurred, they heavily relied on the help of debt or selling some of their assets, as well as used cash in hand as emergency funds. In general, respondents in all sample cities are able to re-start their economic activities as soon as two weeks after the event of disaster. In addition, the survey found that most of respondents were aware that the government has programs to educate people on the disaster mitigation."

"Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa bencana alam dan gangguan sumber daya alam sangat mempengaruhi kecenderungan perilaku prososial manusia. Dimensi ini termasuk termasuk perilaku empatik dan agreeableness terhadap orang lain. Empati dan agreeablenes ditunjukkan menjadi salah satu ciri nyata masyarakat dalam berkontribusi membantu masyarakat yang terkena dampak bencana alam. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti ingin menyelidiki empati dan agreeableness serta hubungannya dengan membantu korban bencana alam. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki sifat kepribadian manusia dan mengukur perilaku prosocial yang mendorong individu untuk membantu orang yang terlibat bencana alam. Hasil dari investigasi ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat cenderung membantu orang yang terkena bencana alam karena mereka empati dan rasa agreeableness yang tinggi. Hal ini mengimplikasikan bahwa empati dan rasa agreeableness memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perilaku masyarakat dalam membantu saat adanya bencana alam.

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It is undeniable that natural disasters and disruption of natural resources greatly influence the tendencies of human pro-social behaviour,. This includes empathetic behaviour, and agreeableness toward others. Empathy and sense of agreeableness is shown to be one of the evident trait of people in contributing to helping people who impacted by natural disaster. In this study researcherwanted to investigate empathy and agreeableness and their relationship with helping victims of natural disasters. This research was conducted by distributing questionnaires. This research aims to investigate prosocial traits in humans and measure which pro social traits are the strongest and encourage individuals to help people involved in natural disasters. The results of this investigation indicate that people tend to help people affected by natural disasters because they have trait that has strong association with empathy and a sense of agreeableness. This implies that empathy and a sense of agreeableness have a significant influence on people's behaviour, in helping natural disasters."

"Kesukarelawanan warga saat terjadinya banjir Queensland belakangan ini dapat menjadi contoh perilaku prososial saat terjadi bencana alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah ada hubungan antara sifat agreeableness dan extraversion dengan kegiatan pertolongan saat terjadi bencana alam. Data dikumpulkan dari kuesioner yang disebar melalui internet. Partisipan terdiri dari 327 korban yang mengalami bencana alam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua sifat tersebut berkorelasi positif secara signifikan dengan pertolongan bencana alam. Implikasi dari penelitian ini dapat berguna untuk organisasi yang merekrut relawan. Keterbatasan dan saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya dibahas pada bagian akhir penelitian.

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Volunteering during the recent Queensland floods show a great example of prosocial behaviour during natural disasters. The study aims to examine if there is a correlation between the personality traits agreeableness and extraversion with natural disaster helping. A questionnaire was spread through the internet. Participants were 327 people who have experienced natural disasters. Results show that both traits were significantly positively correlated with natural disaster helping. Implications of the study can be used for organisations recruiting for volunteers. Limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed at the end of the study."