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Abstrak :
Persediaan alamat IPv4 semakin menipis. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasinya adalah Network Address Translation (NAT). Dengan NAT, lebih dari satu host pada jaringan private dapat dihubungkan ke jaringan publik seperti Internet hanya dengan menggunakan satu alamat IP publik. Sementara itu, migrasi menuju teknologi yang lebih maju yakni IPv6 sudah tidak terelakkan. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu mekanisme transisi yang memungkinkan coexistence antara jaringan IPv6 yang akan dibangun dengan jaringan IPv4 yang telah ada, salah satunya adalah dengan tunneling. Pada umumnya, sebagian besar metode tunneling yang ada tidak mendukung jaringan NAT IPv4. Hanya metode tunneling Teredo yang dapat menembus jaringan NAT. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian khusus mengenai kinerja jaringan yang menggunakan tunneling IPv6 Teredo pada aplikasi-aplikasi tertentu, terutama aplikasi yang populer digunakan seperti FTP untuk transfer file antar jaringan. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah membandingkan kinerja aplikasi FTP server pada jaringan NAT full cone dengan tunneling IPv6 Teredo terhadap jaringan NAT full cone IPv4 murni dan jaringan IPv6 murni pada aplikasi yang sama. Parameter yang dibandingkan adalah latency (s) dan throughput (KBytes/s). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tunneling Teredo memiliki kinerja lebih buruk dari jaringan NAT full cone IPv4 murni dan jaringan IPv6 murni pada aplikasi FTP server , namun demikian, tidak terlampau jauh kinerjanya dari jaringan IPv6 murni pada simulasi jaringan WAN sebenarnya, hanya sedikit lebih buruk dengan range latency lebih besar 7,4 - 28,08 % dan range throughput lebih kecil 2,89 - 16,55 % dari jaringan IPv6 murni, sehingga Teredo cocok digunakan untuk memberikan koneksi IPv6 kepada node jaringan di belakang NAT IPv4 pada periode transisi nanti ketika sebagian besar node telah bermigrasi ke IPv6. ......Availability of IPv4 address has gone thinner. One of the solutions to overcome this problem is Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT can connect one or more hosts in private network to public network like Internet with just one public IP address. Meanwhile, migration process into more advanced technology, which is IPv6, is inevitable. Therefore, we need transition mechanism that can provide coexistence between newly born IPv6 networks with old IPv4 networks, such as is tunneling. Generally, most of available tunneling methods do not provide IPv4 NAT networks. Only Teredo tunneling method can penetrate NAT. Therefore, we need a research to examine Teredo IPv6 tunneling network performance on certain application, mostly on popular application like FTP which can transfer file between networks. The research is comparing FTP server application performance on full cone NAT configured network with IPv6 Teredo tunneling toward pure full cone NAT IPv4 network and pure IPv6 network with the same application. Parameters to be compared are latency (s) and throughput (KBytes). The research done shows that Teredo tunneling performance on FTP application is lower than pure IPv4 full cone NAT network and pure IPv6 network, however, on real WAN simulated network, Teredo performance is only a little bit lower than pure IPv6 network, Teredo latency is higher between 7,4 - 28,08 % than pure IPv6 network and Teredo throughput is lower 2,89 - 16,55 % than pure IPv6 network, so it’s suitable to provide IPv6 connectivity for nodes that is located behind IPv4 NAT in this transition period when most of the node have migrate to IPv6.

Abstrak :
Mekanisme transisi IPv6 diperlukan untuk menjamin interoperabilitas jaringan antara IPv6 dengan IPv4 selama masa migrasi. Network Address Translation (NAT) dan sifatnya pada sebuah jaringan akan menjadi hambatan tersendiri bagi sebagian besar metode transisi IPv6, atau dikenal dengan istilah proto-41 forwarding. Diperlukan metode transisi khusus yang dapat menembus NAT untuk memberikan konektivitas IPv6 melalui infrastruktur IPv4. Teredo dan IPv6 VPN, dimana keduanya menggunakan tunneling berbasis UDP, merupakan solusi untuk menjawab kebutuhan tersebut. Skripsi ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui metode dengan performa yang lebih baik antara Teredo dan IPv6 VPN, serta sejauh mana perbedaannya terhadap jaringan IPv4 murni (existing). Untuk itu dilakukan beberapa pengujian menggunakan jaringan test-bed secara lokal. Pengujian meliputi koneksi TCP dan UDP untuk memberikan gambaran umum performa jaringan, serta koneksi FTP untuk memberikan gambaran khusus performa aplikasi jaringan. Parameter yang diamati selama pengujian adalah throughput TCP, frame loss dan jitter UDP serta latency, transfer time, dan throughput FTP. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa IPv6 VPN memiliki performa yang lebih baik di seluruh parameter pengujian, dibandingkan Teredo. Perbedaan yang terjadi berkisar antara 286.18% - 458.64% untuk throughput TCP, 23.64% - 2088.69% untuk jitter UDP, 168.07% - 267.57% untuk latency FTP, 279.41% - 447.36% untuk transfer time FTP, dan 257.35% - 391.21% untuk throughput FTP. Selain itu, metode IPv6 VPN memiliki performa yang tidak jauh berbeda dengan jaringan IPv4 murni. Hal ini menjadikan metode IPv6 VPN sebagai alternatif yang lebih baik dibandingkan metode Teredo, dalam memberikan konektivitas IPv6 bagi jaringan private yang berada dibalik NAT melalui infrastruktur jaringan IPv4. ......Transition mechanism is required to guarantee IPv4 and IPv6 interoperability during the migration period. Network Address Translation (NAT) and its behaviour would become a drawback to some usual IPv6 transition mechanism, this problem also known as proto-41 forwarding. Specific transition mechanism is required to pass NAT and gave IPv6 connectivity through current IPv4 backbone infrastructure. Teredo and IPv6 VPN, both are based on UDP tunneling mechanism, could exceed this problem. This paper was made to examine which methods, between Teredo and IPv6 VPN, would have better performance. This paper also made to examine the effect of each method compare to existing IPv4 network. To answer that, some testing that based on local test-bed have been done. The test includes TCP and UDP connection to give an illustration of general network performance, and FTP connection to give an illustration of spesific internet application performance. Parameters to watch during the test are TCP throughput, UDP frame loss and jitter, then FTP latency, transfer time and throughput. Overall result from the test indicates that IPv6 VPN gave a better performance than Teredo at all testing parameters. The differences occurred around 286.18% - 458.64% for TCP throughput, 23.64% - 2088.69% for UDP jitter, 168.07% - 267.57% for FTP latency, 279.41% - 447.36% for FTP transfer time and 257.35% - 391.21% for FTP throughput. IPv6 VPN’s performances also closed enough comparing to the existing native IPv4 network performances. From this paper and the test result, gave indication that IPv6 VPN would become a better solution than Teredo in relations to give IPv6 connectivity for a private network that stand behind NAT devices through IPv4 network infrastructure.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang. Uji saring darah donor dapat menurunkan risiko tertularnya infeksi HCV. Di Indonesia telah dilakukan uji saring terhadap antibodi HCV dan RNA HCV. Uji saring terhadap Antigen-Antibodi belum dilakukan di Indonesia. Antigen HCV biasanya ditemukan pada 0 sampai 20 hari setelah RNA HCV pertama muncul. Anti-HCV dapat terdeteksi antara 10-40 hari setelah antigen HCV terdeteksi. Atas dasar pemikiran bahwa antigen HCV muncul didalam darah lebih dahulu daripada anti-HCV, maka penelitian yang dilakukan ingin melihat apakah penggunaan reagensia serologi antigen-antibodi HCV dapat meningkatkan keamanan darah dan apakah sensitivitas serta spesifisitasnya sudah memenuhi standard yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan bila dibandingkan terhadap metoda NAT, yaitu sensitivitas 99,8% dan spesifisitas 95%. Metodologi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan pada 135 sampel darah donor yang terdiri dari 35 sampel positif dengan NAT HCV dan 100 sampel Positif dengan NAT HCV juga non reaktif terhadap HIV, HBsAg dan Sifilis dengan uji saring anti-HCV dengan metode CMIA, Ab-Ag HCV dengan metode ELISA dan bila ada perbedaan hasil pada pemeriksaan NAT HCV, CMIA HCV dan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan imunoblot HCV. Hasil. Dari 135 sampel, pada pemeriksaan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV terhadap 35 sampel positif RNA HCV menunjukkan hasil positif pada 35 sampel tersebut, tetapi pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 3 sampel reaktif dan 97 non reaktif. Sedangkan pada 35 sampel positif RNA HCV dengan pemeriksaan CMIA anti-HCV menunjukkan hasil reaktif pada 35 sampel dan pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 11 sampel reaktif dan 89 sampel non reaktif. Sensitivitas dari perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan metoda NAT HCV dengan CMIA Ab-HCV adalah 100%, spesifisitasnya adalah 89%. Sensitivitas dari perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan metoda NAT HCV dengan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV adalah 100%, spesifisitasnya adalah 97%. Simpulan. Pemeriksaan Antigen-Antibodi HCV ELISA memenuhi kriteria standar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saring darah donor. Pemeriksaan Antibodi HCV CMIA tidak memenuhi kriteria standar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saring darah donor.

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ABSTRACT
Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCV RNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia . HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears . Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen was detected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether the sensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCV screening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and the examination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the 35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showed reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%, specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodies CMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood.;Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCV RNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia . HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears . Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen was detected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether the sensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCV screening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and the examination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the 35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showed reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%, specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodies CMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood., Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCV RNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia . HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears . Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen was detected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether the sensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCV screening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and the examination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the 35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showed reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%, specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodies CMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Anti-HCV menjadi marker serologi utama yang digunakan untuk uji saring hepatitis C pada donor darah di Indonesia. Selain serologi anti-HCV, untuk lebih meningkatkan kemananan darah, Unit Transfusi Darah UTD DKI Jakarta juga menerapkan pemeriksaan Nucleic Acid Test NAT . Pemeriksaan anti-HCV tidak dapat membedakan antara infeksi aktif dan infeksi yang telah sembuh. Darah akan dianggap terifeksi HCV apabila salah satu dari pemeriksaan serologi atau molekuler positif, begitupula dengan darah donor dengan hasil pemeriksaan anti-HCV grayzone dan NAT negatif. Diperlukan kepastian atas berisiko tidaknya darah tersebut dalam menularkan infeksi HCV, mengingat kebutuhan darah di sebagian besar provinsi di Indonesia masih belum memenuhi target. Sehingga dibutuhkan uji molekuler lain untuk dijadikan pembanding dengan hasil NAT. Interpretasi hasil anti-HCV dilakukan berdasarkan rasio S/CO, yang dapat dijadikan prediksi status viremia donor, sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis hubungan antara S/CO dengan hasil pengujian molekuler dan HCV Ag-Ab. Nilai prediksi viremia diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif bagi UTD yang belum mampu menerapkan NAT. Kemudian dipilih 93 sampel dengan kriteria anti-HCV positif dan NAT positif; anti-HCV positif dan NAT negatif serta anti-HCV grayzone dan NAT negatif untuk diuji dengan nested PCR kualitatif dan HCV Ag-Ab. Berdasarkan perbandingan hasil pengujian NAT dan nested PCR diperoleh nilai sensitivitas NAT sebesar 90, 63 , dengan Spesifisitasnya 96,71 . Dari hasil analisis chi-square diperoleh hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai S/CO anti-HCV dengan hasil pengujian NAT, nested PCR kualitatif dan HCV Ag-Ab P5 dapat dijadikan prediksi adanya infeksi aktif pada donor.

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ABSTRACT
Anti HCV is the main serological marker for hepatitis C screening in blood donors in Indonesia. Besides anti HCV, UTD DKI Jakarta also implementing Nucleic Acid Test NAT to improve blood transfusion safety. Anti HCV assay can not distinguish between active infection and cured infection. Blood will be considered HCV infected if either from a positive serologic or molecular test, including blood with anti HCV grayzone and NAT negative. There is a requirement to ensure the risk status of blood with anti HCV grayzone and NAT negative, because the supply of blood in most provinces in Indonesia still insufficient. So, it takes another molecular test to compare with NAT result. Interpretation of anti HCV results was calculating by S CO ratio, which could be a predictor of viremia status. It is necessary to analyze the correlation between S CO with molecular test and HCV Ag Ab results.Viremia prediction value is expected to be an alternative for UTDs who have not been able to apply NAT. There are 93 samples collected then tested with NAT and anti HCV. Sample with concondantly positive anti HCV and NAT anti HCV positive and NAT negative and anti HCV grayzone and NAT negative. These samples then tested with nested PCR and HCV Ag Ab. Based on comparison of NAT and nested PCR, obtained NAT sensitivity value of 90, 63 , with Specificity 96.71 . The result of chi square analysis shows a significant correlation between S CO anti HCV with NAT, qualitative nested PCR and HCV Ag Ab P 5 can be used as predictors of active infection in donors.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini membahas cerpen ايندلا تناكو Wa K nat al-Duny Dan Jadilah Dunia karya Taufiq al-Hakim 1898-1907 sastrawan Arab Modern Mesir. Cerpen ini menarik untuk diteliti karena mengisahkan peristiwa yang unik, yaitu kisah Iblis yang berkerjasama dengan Ular dalam menciptakan Hawa untuk menunjukkan diri bahwa Iblis lebih baik dari Adam, sekaligus agar Adam dan Hawa menghasilkan keturunan. Kisah ini memiliki kemiripan dengan kisah penciptaan Adam dalam kitab suci Islam Alquran dan kitab suci Kristen Alkitab. Unsur-unsur cerpen terjalin dengan baik sehingga menarik untuk dibaca dan berhasil menyampaikan pesan kepada pembaca. Pesan yang dapat ditemukan dari cerpen ini adalah bahwa manusia sebagai keturunan Adam dan Hawa memiliki sifat baik yang bersumber dari Tuhan dan sifat buruk yang yang bersumber dari Iblis, sehingga pada akhirnya tidak ada manusia yang sempurna karena memiliki sifat baik dan buruk. Keturunan Adam dan Hawa yang memiliki beragam sifat tersebutlah yang dimaknai sebagai tema penciptaan dunia dalam cerpen ini, yaitu bahwa dunia digambarkan sebagai eksistensi manusia di dunia yang memiliki beragam sifat dan perilaku.

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ABSTRACT
This study discusses the short story ايندلا تناكو Wa K nat al Duny And Be The World by Taufiq al Hakim 1898 1907 Modern Arabian literary Egyptian. This short story is interesting to examine because it tells of a unique event, the story of Satan who collaborated with the Serpent in creating Eve to show himself that Satan is better than Adam, at the same time that Adam and Eve produce offspring. This story is similar to the story of Adam 39 s creation in the holy book of Islam Qur 39 an and the Christian scriptures the Bible. The elements of the short story well established so interesting to read and successfully convey the message to the reader. The message that can be found from this short story is that humans as the descendants of Adam and Eve have good qualities derived from God and bad traits that are sourced from Satan, so that in the end no human is perfect because it has good and bad character. The descendants of Adam and Eve who have various characteristics that is interpreted as the theme of the creation of the world in this short story, namely that the world is described as the existence of human beings in a world that has a variety of traits and behaviors.