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"Perkembangan teknologi yang pesat membuat hampir semua aktifitas manusia berhubungan erat dengan berbagai macam alat dan mesin. Tidak terkecuali dalam dunia industri yang terus berkembang pesat seiring dengan perkembangan manusia. Namun dalam interaksi antara manusia, mesin dan lingkungan tempat kerja terdapat berbagai risiko yang dapat menimbulkan penyakit akibat kerja (PAK) ataupun kecelakaan bagi manusia. Salah satu penyakit akibat kerja yang kerap diderita oleh pekerja adalah penyakit yang berkaitan dengan otot serta rangka, atau lebih dikenal dengan Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pekerja produksi Rumah Potong Ayam (RPA) X Kota Bogor tahun 2012. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor risiko MSDs pada tubuh bagian atas dan gejala MSds yang dialami oleh pekerja. Metode penelitian ini adalah semi kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Responden berjumlah 30 orang pekerja produksi yang berada di lokasi Bojong Bawah. Tingkat risiko ergonomi dinilai dengan menggunakan Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) dan Quick expossure Checklist (QEC). Penilaian menggunakan RULA mendapatkan hasil 2 tahapan pekerjaan (16,7%) termasuk dalam kategori medium atau masuk action level 2, 5 tahapan pekerjaan (41,7%) termasuk dalam kategori high atau masuk action level 3 dan 5 tahapan pekerjaan lainnya (41,7%) termasuk dalam kategori very high atau masuk action level 4. Penilaian menggunakan QEC mendapatkan hasil 5 tahapan pekerjaan (41,7%) termasuk dalam kategori high atau masuk action level 3 dan 7 tahapan pekerjaan lainnya (58,3%) termasuk dalam kategori very high atau masuk action level 4. Nordic Body Map (NBM) digunakan untuk mengetahui keluhan MSDs yang dirasakan pekerja dan didapatkan hasil 100% pekerja mengeluhkan mengalami gejala MSDs. Keluhan terbanyak dirasakan adalah pegal dan rasa sakit pada tubuh bagian atas pekerja seperti bahu, pinggang, punggung dan juga pergelangan tangan.

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Technological developments that grow rapidly make almost human activities are closely related to tools and machinery. Industrial sectors is one of many sectors that grow rapidly as the human development. However, the interaction between human, machine and workplace environment have many risks that can make occupational disease or injury to the workers. One of the occupational diseases that often suffered by workers is a disease associated with muscle, bones and joints, or known as Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). This research was conducted on chicken slaughterhouse X production workers, Bogor 2012. This research’s purpose are to know the musculoskeletal disorders risk factor on upper body and the symptoms experienced by workers. This research method is semiquatitative with cross sectional design. Respondents of this research were 30 production workers at Bojong Bawah. Ergonomic risk level assessed using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC). The result from assessment using RULA are 2 task from work process (16,7%) included in the category of medium or action level 2 , 5 task from work process (41,7 %) included in the category of high or action level 3 and 5 task from work process (41,7 %) was included in the category of very high or action level 4 . The result from assessment using QEC are 5 task from work process (41.7 %) included in the category of high or action level 3 and 7 task from work process (58.3 %) included in the category of very high or action level 4. Nordic Body Map (NBM) is used to know the complaints about MSDs from workers, and the result is 100% of worker said that they have some symptoms of MSDs. Most of complaints are on the upper body from workers, such as shoulders, back, low back and wrist."

"Industri informal lis gipsum rentan terhadap risiko ergonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat risiko musculoskeletal disorders. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian semi kuantitatif menggunakan desain studi cross sectional dengan metode Quick Exposure Check (QEC) dan Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa berdasarkan QEC ditemukan level tindakan 3 (investigasi lebih lanjut dan perubahan) pada 1 proses yaitu pengukuran dan level tindakan 4 (laksanakan investigasi dan perubahan segera) pada 4 proses kerja yaitu pencampuran, pencetakan, pengiriman, serta pemasangan. Berdasarkan REBA ditemukan level tindakan 4, yaitu risiko tinggi, harus dilakukan investigasi dan perubahan pada kelima proses yang diteliti. Rekomendasi yang diberikan adalah merubah desain tempat kerja, peregangan, sebelum dan setelah bekerja serta setiap 2 jam bekerja, dan promosi tentang ergonomi.

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Gypsum list informal industry is susceptible to ergonomic risk. This study aims to describe the level of musculoskeletal disorders risk. This study is a semiquantitative and cross-sectional study design using Quick Exposure Check ( QEC) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA ) methods. The results showed that by QEC found action level 3 (further investigation and change soon) in one work process that is measurement proses and action level 4 (investigations change immediately) in 4 process those are mixing, stamping, delivery, and installation. Then by REBA found all working process are at action level 4 (high risk, investigate and implement change). The recommendation given those are change the design of the workplace, stretching before and after work and on the sidelines every 2 hours, and the promotion of ergonomic."

"Now in its Fourth Edition, Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System uses a direct and comprehensive approach to present students with a working knowledge of biomechanical principles of use in the evaluation and treatment of musculoskeletal dysfunction. The text opens with a chapter that introduces the basic terminology and concepts of biomechanics; the remainder of the book then focuses on the biomechanics of tissues and structures, the biomechanics of joints, and applied biomechanics."

""The third edition of this convenient pocket guide presents a comprehensive collection of clinical tests for all the major musculoskeletal structures. New tests have been added and existing tests fully revised to include the most practical, relevant, and up-to-date information for the effective evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. The book is organized by body region, with chapters devoted to the spine; shoulder; elbow; wrist, hand, and fingers; hip; knee; and foot and ankle. Each of these chapters opens with a figure depicting range of motion and an algorithm that provides a quick overview of symptoms, tests, imaging, and diagnosis. Additional chapters on posture deficiencies, venous thrombosis, occlusive arterial disease and neurovascular compression syndromes, and disturbances of the central nervous system complete the book. For each clinical test, readers will find a step-by-step description of the procedure, followed by a concise discussion of assessment and possible diagnoses for that test"--Publisher's website."

"Proses kerja di bagian Bagging Off memiliki risiko MSDs untuk pekerja. Penelitian ini menggambarkan tingkat risiko ergonomi yang berpotensi menyebabkan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada pekerja dan gambaran dari keluhan subjektif gangguan muskuloskeletal dari pekerja di PT. JAPFA Comfeed Indonesia Unit Tangerang. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan menggunakan REBA dan RULA untuk menilai tingkat risiko ergonomi pada setiap tahap proses kerja dan Nordic Body Map (NBM) untuk mengetahui di mana keluhan pada pekerja. Berdasarkan penilaian REBA pada proses palleting bekerja menunjukkan tingkat risiko sangat tinggi, penilaian RULA pada proses penjahitan menunjukkan tingkat risiko yang sangat tinggi dan penilaian REBA pada proses pengantongan menunjukkan tingkat risiko tinggi dan tingkat risiko sedang. Penilaian NBM menunjukkan ada 20 pekerja memiliki keluhan di pinggang, 8 pekerja mengeluh di bawah pinggang dan 7 pekerja memiliki keluhan di leher bagian atas dan bahu kanan. Tingkat risiko dapat dikurangi dengan menyediakan Pallet Adjustable Berdiri untuk proses kerja palleting, mendesain ulang tempat kerja pada proses penjahitan dan memberikan kursi yang cocok untuk pekerja pada proses pengantongan. Selain itu, pekerja harus meregangkan otot sebelum bekerja, di tengah-tengah bekerja dan setelah bekerja, dan kemudian bekerja dengan postur tubuh yang benar.

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Working process in section Bagging Off has the risk of MSDs to workers. This study describe the risk level of ergonomic which potentially causing musculoskeletal disorders to workers and an overview of complaint subjective musculoskeletal disorders on workers at PT. JAPFA Comfeed Indonesia Unit Tangerang. The design of this study is cross sectional using REBA and RULA to assess the ergonomic risk level at each stage of working process and Nordic Body Map (NBM) to know where the complaints on workers. Based on REBA assessment on working process of palleting showed very high risk level, RULA assessment on working process of sewing showed very high risk level and REBA assessment on working process of bagging showed high risk level and medium risk level. NBM assessment showed there is 20 workers have complaint in waist, 8 workers have complain in under waist and 7 workers have complaint in upper neck and right shoulder. This level of risk can be reduced by providing Adjustable Pallet Stand to working process of palleting, redesign workplace on working process of sewing and providing chair which is suitable to workers on working process of bagging. Besides that, workers have to stretch the muscles before working, in the middle of working and after working, and then working with the correct posture."