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"In 2000 a cephalometric survey has been done on both genders of Javanese, Bataks and Chinese students at the University of Indonesia (UI), the Indonesian Christian University (UKI) and the Christian University of Jakarta (UKRIDA) with the aim to detect their cephalometric characteristics patterns and the degree of their secular changes with their ancestors. Cephalometric parameters were measured as follows: the maximal head length (glabellaopisthocranion), the maximal head breadth (euryon-euryon), the minimal forehead breadth (frontotemporalefrontotemporale), the morphological facial height (suborbitale-gnathion), the bizygomatic breadth (zygion-zygion) and the bi-gonion breadth (gonion gonion). In addition measurements were done on facial soft tissue factors such as the nasal height (suborbitale-subnasale) the nasal breadth (alare-alare), the ear length (superaurale-subaurale) and the ear breadth (preaurale-postaurale). The results were treated statistically using t test to obtain the degree of significance. It was determined that some cephalometric characteristics have undergone secular changes but both genders of Bataks, Javanese and Chinese students seemed to depict their retainment of their respective ancestors cephalometric characteristics, consequently their cephalometric characteristic differences were still detectable."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian antropometri di Jakarta pada 40 laki-laki dewasa muda Cina Indonesia, 40 laki-laki dewasa muda Jawa, 40 laki-laki dewasa muda Flores dan 40 laki-laki dewasa muda Papua yang semuanya menetap di Jakarta. Parameter antropometri yang diukur adalah tinggi badan (vertex-base), panjang lengan atas/humerus (acromion-radiale), panjang lengan bawah(radius (radiale-stylion), panjang tungkai atas/femur (Trochanterion-tibiale) dan panjang,tungkai bawah/tibia (tibiale-sphyrion). Pengukuran dilakukan dengan metode pengukuran Martin dengan antropemetri Martin. Data diolah untuk mendapatkan faktor multiplikasi (Fm) dan ratio pada setiap kelompok, nilai rata-rata dan simpang bakunya, kemudian dilakukan perbandingan diantara kelompok menggunakan test anova dengan tingat kemaknaan 5% atau nilai p < 0,05.Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya persamaan (tidak berbeda bermakna) diantara orang Cina, Jawa dan Flores pada tinggi badan, panjang lengan atas (hunters), panjang lengan bawah (radius), panjang tungkai atas (femur) dan panjang tungkai bawah (tibia). Tetapi terdapat sedikit perbedaan pada ukuran lengan bawah (radius) antara laki-laki Jawa dan Flores. Tinggi badan dan panjang tungkai atas (femur) kelompok Papua (kelompok melanesoid) berbeda secara signifikan dari kelompok Cina, Jawa dan Flores (kelompok Mongoloid) sedangkan panjang lengan atas (humersu), lengan bawah(radius dan tungkai bawah (tibia) semuanya sama (tidak berbeda secara signifikan). Kelompok Papua (kelompok melanesoid) berbeda secara signifikasi dengan kelompok Flores, Jawa dan Cina ( kelompok mongoloid) pada : 1. Faktor multiplikasi radius (lengan bawah) dan tibia (tungkai bawah); 2. Ratio radius ( lengan bawah), femur (tungkai atas) dan tibia (tungkai bawah).Hubungan panjang tulang-tulang panjang terhadap tinggi badan dijabarkan dalam persamaan regresi sebagai berikut :Kelompok Mongoloid Indonesia :(WHmo) TB = 99,467 + 2,083 HSE : 5,705r : 0,467(WRmo) TB = 102,964 + 2,457 R. SE : 4,475 r : 0,720(WFmo) TB = 103,804 + 1,364 FSE : 5,131r : 0,606(WTmo} TB = 96,939 + 1,981 TSE : 4,832r : 0,663Kelompok Melanesoid Indonesia : (WHme) TB = 119,300 + 1,398 H SE : 4,103 r : 0,440(WRme) TB = 126,803 + 1,401 R SE : 4,216 r : 0,385(WFme) TB = 143,760 + 0,414 FSE : 4,312r : 0,330(WTme) TB =114,325+ 1,378 TSE : 4,072r : 0,454Pengujian ketepatan rumus dalam penerapan pada 30 orang laki-iaki Indonesia yang terdiri atas 25 orang Mongoloid Indonesia dan 5 orang Melanesoid Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa rumus yang diperoleh menghasilkan penyimpangan tinggi badan kurang lebih 1%.

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An anthropometric study was conducted in Jakarta in 2002 on 40 young adult males of Indonesia Chinese, 40 young adult males of Javanese, 40 young adult males of Flores and 40 young adult of males of Papua. Anthropometric parameters taken were body height (base-vertex), upper arm length/humerus (acromiale-radiale), lower arm length/radius (radiale-stylion), thigh length/femur (trochanterion-tibiale), shank lengthltibia (tibiale-sphyrion). Measurement was carried out according to Martin's method using Martin's Anthropometer. The measurement was computed to obtain: the multiplication factors (MF) and ratios of parameter pairs, means and their standard deviation values. Comparisons between the groups were analyzed using student anova test with the 5% significance level or p value < 0.05.

Result of computation showed the homogeneity (non significant different) among Chinese', Javanese' and Flores's body height (base-vertex), upper arm length/humerus (acromiale-radiale), lower arm length (radius)(radiale-stylion), thigh/femur (trochanterion- tibiale) and shank lengths (tibia) /tibiale-sphyrion. But there was a slight heterogeneity in lower arm length/radius measures between Flores and Javanese male. Body height and thigh(femur) length of Papua group (melanesoid group) differed significantly from those of Chinese, Javanese and Flores groups ( mongoloid groups), while upper arm (humerus) length, lower arm (radius) length and shank (tibia)length were all homogenous (did not differ significantly). Papua group (melanesoid group) differed significantly with Flores, Javanese and Chinese groups (mongoloid groups) in: 1. Multiplication Factors of radius (lower arm) and tibia (shank), 2.Ratios of radius (lower arm), of femur (thigh) and of tibia (shank).

Relationship of long bones of upper and lower extremities and body height was formulated as shown below:

Male Mongoloid Group (Chinese, Javanese and Flores populations)

(WHmo) Bodyheight= 99.467 + 2.083H SE:5.705 r.0.467

(WRmo) Bodyheight= 102.964 + 2.457R SE:4.475 r.0.720

(WFmo) Bodyheight= 103.804 + 1.364F SE:5.131 r.0.606

(WTmo) Bodyheight= 96.939 + 1.981T SE:4.832 r.0.663

Male Melanesoid (Papua) (WHme) Bodyheight= 119.300+ 1.398H SE:4.103 r.0.440

(WRme) Bodyheight= 126.803+ 1.401R SE:4.216 r.0.385

(WFme) Bodyheight= 143.760+ 0.414F SE:4.312 r.0.330

(WTme) Bodyheight= 114.325+ 1.378T SE:4.072 r.0454

Application test of these formulas on 30 individuals consisting of 25 Indonesian' mongoloids and 5 Indonesian melanesoids showed that the formulas give the deviation of body height of less than 1°%."

"[Torus palatinus merupakan tonjolan tulang pada langit-langit mulut yangbersifat variatif pada manusia. Perbedaan ras diduga merupakan salah satu halyang memengaruhi keberadaan torus palatinus. Studi ini dilakukan untukmengetahui prevalensi dan karakteristik torus palatinus pada suku-suku denganras mongoloid di Indonesia khususnya yang berasal dari pulau Jawa dan luarpulau Jawa, Indonesia pada tahun 2014.Studi ini bersifat deskriptif analitik berdesain potong lintang denganjumlah sampel sebanyak 274 orang yang terdiri dari 152 laki-laki dan 122perempuan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metodeconsecutive sampling melalui pengisian kuesioner dan pemeriksaan toruspalatinus menggunakan kaca mulut.Hasil penelitian didapatkan prevalensi torus palatinus pada 212 sampel(77,4%) dengan karakteristik yang paling dominan adalah yang berukuran kecil(<3mm) sejumlah 107 orang (50,5%) dan tunggal sejumlah 192 orang (90,6%).Torus palatinus lebih dominan pada kelompok suku yang berasal dari pulau Jawadan Sumatera dengan rasio kelompok suku Jawa, Sumatera, dan campuran, yaitu1,2:1,2:1.Karakteristik torus palatinus yang paling dominan pada ketiga kelompoksuku adalah kecil (<3mm) dan tunggal.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak didapatkanperbedaan karakteristik torus palatinus yang bermakna antara suku-suku denganras mongoloid dari pulau Jawa dan luar pulau Jawa, Indonesia;Torus palatinus is a bone exostosis in the hard palate of mouth that isvariative in the human. Race differencies is suspected as one of things thatinfluenced the growth of torus palatinus. The aim of this study was to determinethe prevalence and characteristics of torus palatinus in mongoloid race tribes inIndonesia, especially the tribes that originate from Java island and outside JavaIsland 2014.This descriptive analytic cross-sectional study was using 274 samples,consisted of 152 males and 122 females. Data was collected by using consecutivesampling method through questionaire?s filling and checking torus palatinus withoral mirror tools.The result showed that the prevalence of torus palatinus were found in 212sample (77.4%) with the most dominant characteristics were found in small size(<3mm) in 107 people (50.5%) and single in 192 people (90.6%). Torus palatinusis more dominant in group of Java and Sumatera tribe within ratio between Java,Sumatera, and mix group is 1.2:1.2:1. The dominant characteristics between thisthree group of tribes are small (<3mm) and single.Based on the result of this study, there?s no significant difference ofcharacteristics of torus palatinus between mongoloid race tribes from Java Islandand outside Java Island., Torus palatinus is a bone exostosis in the hard palate of mouth that isvariative in the human. Race differencies is suspected as one of things thatinfluenced the growth of torus palatinus. The aim of this study was to determinethe prevalence and characteristics of torus palatinus in mongoloid race tribes inIndonesia, especially the tribes that originate from Java island and outside JavaIsland 2014.This descriptive analytic cross-sectional study was using 274 samples,consisted of 152 males and 122 females. Data was collected by using consecutivesampling method through questionaire’s filling and checking torus palatinus withoral mirror tools.The result showed that the prevalence of torus palatinus were found in 212sample (77.4%) with the most dominant characteristics were found in small size(<3mm) in 107 people (50.5%) and single in 192 people (90.6%). Torus palatinusis more dominant in group of Java and Sumatera tribe within ratio between Java,Sumatera, and mix group is 1.2:1.2:1. The dominant characteristics between thisthree group of tribes are small (<3mm) and single.Based on the result of this study, there’s no significant difference ofcharacteristics of torus palatinus between mongoloid race tribes from Java Islandand outside Java Island.]"