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"Penggerusan merupakan upaya untuk memperkecil ukuran partikel fase terdispers sampai tercapai ukuran yang optimum dalam suatu preparat emulsi, sehingga pada akhimya akan meningkatkan stabilitas fisikanya selama masa penyimpanan. Untuk keperluan tersebut banyak alat tersedia di pasaran, salah satunya adalah koloid mill (penggiling koloid), yang sering digunakan dalam tahap akhir pembuatan suspensi dan juga dalam pembuatan emulsi. Untuk mengetahui seberapa besar manfaat penggunaan penggiling koloid terhadap peningkatan kualitas produk (stabilitas fisikanya), maka dalam penelitian ini dibuat dua macam formula emulsi minyak ikan 'dengan kombinasi tragakan, gom arab dan tween 20, span 20 sebagai emulgator, campuran dihomogenkan dengan mortir dan mikser elektrik, kemudian dilewatkan koloid mill melalui ukuran celah tertentu, kemudian dibandingkan sifatsifat fisiknya dengan menggunakan beberapa parameter tertentu. Data yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa pada kedua formula koloid mill dapat mengurangi ukuran par:tikel, meningkatkan homogenitas, meningkatkan derajat sedimentasi, menurunkan viskositas sediaan. Derajat sedimentasi sediaan yang menggunakan emulgator tween 20, spaan 20 lebih kecil dari pada dengan menggunakan emulgator tragakan dan g~m arab, serta memberikan penampilan yang tidak baik dengan teIjadinya pembusaan.

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Milling is an effort to decrease dispersed phase size to achieve optimum size in emulsion's preparation, therefore it could increase physical stability in storage. For this purpose, many instrument are available in market, one of them is coloid mill which often use in final stage of suspension's production and emulsion's production. To know how far the utilities of coloid mill improving quality of product (physical stability), in this experiment it had been made two kind of cod liver oil emulsion formulas used combination tragacanth and gum arabic and tween 20, span 20 as emulgator in sequence. The substances in the formulas are homogenized by mortir I and electric mixer, then passed through the colloid mill in a certain width of tunnel, then their physical caracters were compared by some parameter. The result of the experiment showed that in the both formula, coloid mill could decrease particel size, increase homogeneity and sedimentation, and decrease viscosity of preparation. The preparat with tween and span as emulgator has lower sedimentation degree compared to another, and also showed bad performance caused by foaming."

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Coal mill merupakan salah satu unit produksi pada pabrik semen yang bertujuan untuk menggiling batubara hingga halus untuk kemudian digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Proses yang terjadi didalam coal mill ini memiliki risiko terjadinya ledakan seperti yang terjadi di beberapa pabrik semen di Indonesia pada tahun 2015. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran deviasi dan risiko, tingkat kemungkinan dan konsekuensi, tingkat risiko dan pengendalian risiko pada unit coal mill pabrik semen PT. X. Desain penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan cara brainstorming bersama tim SHE dan process engineer. Identifikasi risiko yang dilakukan menggunakan teknik HAZOP dan penilaian risiko menggunakan analisis semi kuantitatif. Dari hasil penilaian risiko unit coal mill, terdapat risiko ledakan yaitu pada node inlet hot gas, outlet coal mill, inlet bag house, bag house dan fine coal bin. Tingkat risiko setelah terpasang sistem pengaman (safeguard) yang masuk ke dalam kategori risiko tinggi yang membutuhkan pengendalian terdapat pada node fine coal bin, bag house, inlet bag house dan outlet coal mill. Tindakan pengendalian yang perlu untuk dilakukan terhadap setiap node dapat dikelompokkan atas pengendalian yang terkoneksi dengan CCR (central control room) dan pengendalian yang dilakukan secara manual tanpa terkoneksi dengan CCR (central control room).

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Coal mill is one of the production units at cement plant that aims to grind the coal until smooth and then used as fuel. The process that occurs in the coal mill has a risk of explosion as happened in some cement plants in Indonesia in 2015. The purpose of this study is to describe the deviation and risk, the level of probability and consequence, the level of risk and also the risk control in the coal mill unit, cement plant PT. X. The design of this research is qualitative descriptive, by means of brainstorming with the team consist of SHE and process engineers. Risk identification is done using the HAZOP and risk assessment techniques using semi-quantitative analysis. Results of the risk assessment in coal mill, there is a risk of explosion that is on the node of hot gas inlet, outlet coal mill, inlet bag house, bag house and fine coal bin. The level of risk after the safeguards have been istalled, that goes into the high risk category requiring additional controls are at the node of fine coal bin, bag house, bag house inlet and outlet coal mill. Required control on each node can be classified by the control connected with CCR (central control room) and control is conducted manually without connected to CCR (central control room).

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"ABSTRAKSaat ini di alam dikenal dua kelompok jamur yang mempunyai aktivitas pelapukan kayu. Pertama, jamur pelapuk putih ( White rot fungi), yaitu jamur yang dapat merusak lignin dan selulosa kayu. K dua, jamur pelapuk coklat (Brown rot fungi), yaitu jamur yang dapat merusak selulosa kayu. Beberapa jamur yang tergolong jamur pelapuk putih (Scizaphyllum commune, Tinctoporia borbonica, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Tremetes versicolor, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp, Coriolus versicofor) dilaporkan mampu mendegradasi komponen sisa lignin yang terdapat pada air limbah pabrik pulp dan kertas. Dalam penelitian ini diuji kemampuan Pleurotus ostreatus HHB1 (yang juga tergolong 'White rot fungi') mendegradasi sisa lignin yang terdapat dalam air Iimbah pabrik pulp dan kertas.Pada tahap awal penelitian dilakukan adaptasi yang bertujuan agar Pleurotus ostreatus HHB1 dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan air limbah yang akan didegradasi. Selanjutnya terhadap jamur yang sudah beradaptasi dilakukan evaluasi kurva pertumbuhannya dengan mengukur perubahan berat kering spora selama selang waktu 72 jam. Didapatkan bahwa fase lag atau fase adaptasi terjadi dalam selang waktu 16 jam pertama, sedangkan fase eksponensial terjadi pada selang waktu 32 jam berikutnya. Pengamatan selanjutnya selama 24 jam tidak menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan berat kering spora (fase stasioner). Pengamatan nilai BOD dan Unit warna ditentuan dalam selang waktu dari 0 sampai 72 cenderung turun dengan persentase penurunannya masing - masing sebesar 40,22 %, dan 67,01%. pH cenderung naik dari 6,4 hingga 7,5. Sedangan COD cenderung tidak berubah. Evaluasi laju pengurangan Unit warna dalam selang waktu yang diamati menunjukkan bahwa reaksi penghilangan Unit warna secara umum berorde dua. Pada percobaan kondisi optimum (pengocokan 100 goyangan/menit, pada 260000 unit warna awal air limbah, 2 gll glukosa, 2,5 x 109 spora/mL inokulum, pH 6,0 dan 0,1 gll NH4NO3) penghilangan Unit warna dapat mencapai 93,08% dalam waktu 48 jam. Dari data yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa jamur Pleurotus ostreatus HHB1 yang diteliti mempunyai kemampuan mendegradasi sisa lignin yang terdapat dalam limbah pabrik pulp dan kertas. Aktivitas jamur Pleurotus ostreatus HHB1 juga diamati pada terjadinya perubahan poly kromatogam (GCMS) dari estrak dietil eter sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan.

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ABSTRACT

There are two groups of fungi, which are known having an activity to decompose wood. Firsty, white rot fungi which is able to decompose lignin and cellulose. Secondly, brown rot fungi which is able to decompose cellulose. Many of white rot fungi groups ( such as, Scizophyllum commune, Tinctoporia borbonica, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Tremetes versicolor, Rspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp, Carlo/us versicolor) were reported having an activity to degrede lignin residues in pulp and paper mill waste water. In this research an examination on activity of Pleurotus ostreatus HHB1 ( white rot fungi group) to reduce unit colour of waste water was carried out.

In the early stage of the research the Pleurotus ostreatyus HHB1 was subjected to an adaptation experiment employing the waste water sampel, in order to obtain suitabel strain. Fathermore a growth curve was evaluate to adapted starin by measuring the dry weight of spore at certain interval time during 72 hours observartion. The result indicate that the lag ( adaptation stage), exponential and stationary stage were observed for the first 16, the next 32, and the last 24 hours respectively. When the similar strain ( adapted strain) was applied to treat the pulp and paper mill waste water the following results were observed. Respected to initial value, as much as 98.08 % decreasing in colour unit (in Pt1Co unit) could be reach in 48 hours, while the BOD value was decreased as much as 40.22 % in 72 hours. The COD value, however, showed no significant changing during observation time. During the treatment the pH was observed increasing from initial value. For the additional information, the changing in cromatogram profile ( measured with quadrupole GCMS) of the diethyl ether extract of treated and untreated waste water was observed. With the assumption that lignin is a main constribution of colour developing in a pulp and paper mill waste water and from the presented result it is concluded the Pleurotus ostreatus HHB1 has an activity to degrade lignin. Based on the simple kinetic evalution the rate of colour reduction observed in this research generally has a second order."

"Recently, there was anincrease in demand of biomass pellets as an alternative energy source. However,it is necessary to reduce the size of granular materials during the pelleting process.The size reductionof eucalyptus bark occurs in the industrialprocessing of biomass pellets production, using a hammer milltogether with three sieve sizes of 3, 4, and 5 mm and the sieve speeds of 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm, respectively, which have beenexamined at a feed rate of 80 kg/h. The aims of this study were to determine theimportant parameters, namely rotational speed, to determine suitable sieve sizefor reducing the size of eucalyptus bark, and to analyze energy usage in thesize reduction process by using a hammer mill. The results have shown that using a 5 mm sieve size at 900 rpm sievespeed resulted in the best operating conditions in order to offer the highestcapacity and lowest specific energy consumption. Moreover, the average particle size of 0.15mm was an acceptable value. This study could be very beneficial in thedevelopment process to produce biomass pellets."

"Recently, there was an increase in demand of biomass pellets as an alternative energy source. However, it is necessary to reduce the size of granular materials during the pelleting process. The size reduction of eucalyptus bark occurs in the industrial processing of biomass pellets production, using a hammer mill together with three sieve sizes of 3, 4, and 5 mm and the sieve speeds of 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm, respectively, which have been examined at a feed rate of 80 kg/h. The aims of this study were to determine the important parameters, namely rotational speed, to determine suitable sieve size for reducing the size of eucalyptus bark, and to analyze energy usage in the size reduction process by using a hammer mill. The results have shown that using a 5 mm sieve size at 900 rpm sieve speed resulted in the best operating conditions in order to offer the highest capacity and lowest specific energy consumption. Moreover, the average particle size of 0.15 mm was an acceptable value. This study could be very beneficial in the development process to produce biomass pellets."