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Abstrak :
Lebanon merupakan negara yang modern dibandingkan dengan negara-negara tetangganya. Hal tersebut terlihat dari tingkat pendidikan yang baik dan tingginya tingkat melek huruf dibandingkan negara-negara Timur Tengah lainnya. Namun, Lebanon tidak dapat mempertahankan modernisasinya disebabkan krisis ekonomi yang melanda Lebanon dalam waktu panjang telah menyebabkan kemunduran pendidikan di Lebanon. Kemunduran pada bidang pendidikan diperparah dengan adanya krisis ekonomi akibat maraknya korupsi pada tahun 2019 dan pandemi Covid-19 yang juga meruntuhkan sektor ekonomi negara Lebanon. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menunjukkan hambatan dan tantangan pemerintah Lebanon dalam mengembangkan pendidikan di Lebanon. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui studi pustaka. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif karena membutuhkan data deskriptif berupa tulisan dari seseorang yang dapat penulis amati sehingga penulis dapat menjelaskan serta menganalisis kondisi pendidikan di Lebanon (2019-2021). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kondisi pendidikan di Lebanon (2019-2021) yang memburuk karena di tengah-tengah krisis ekonomi yang disebabkan oleh korupsi dan pandemi Covid-19 serta upaya dan hambatan pemerintah Lebanon yang bekerja sama dengan lembaga internasional untuk membangkitkannya kembali. ......Lebanon is a modern country compared to its neighboring countries. This can be seen from the good level of education and the high literacy rate compared to other Middle Eastern countries. However, Lebanon was unable to maintain its modernization which caused the economic crisis that hit Lebanon for a long time which had led to the decline of education in Lebanon. The setback in the education sector was exacerbated by the economic crisis due to rampant corruption in 2019 and the Covid-19 pandemic which also brought down the Lebanese economy. The purpose of this research is to show the obstacles and challenges of the Lebanese government in developing education in Lebanon. This research was conducted using qualitative methods through literature study. This research was conducted using a qualitative method because it requires descriptive data in the form of writing from someone the writer can observe so that the writer can explain and analyze the condition of education in Lebanon (2019-2021). The results of this study shows that the condition of education in Lebanon (2019-2021) has worsened due to the economic crisis caused by corruption and the Covid-19 pandemic and the efforts and obstacles by the Lebanese government in collaboration with international institutions to revive it.

Abstrak :
Performa spasial merupakan ruang dengan sistem yang terdiri dari interaksi pelaku dengan objek yang terdapat di dalam ruang. Performa spasial kegiatan memasak, narasi yang terbentuk berupa narasi rangkaian kegiatan mengolah bahan makanan untuk disajikan dan disantap. Kegiatan memasak hidangan Timur Tengah memiliki kekhasan pada proses pengolahan bahan makanan. Terdapat urutan gerakan dan interaksi pelaku masak terhadap objek dalam ruang yang dipengaruhi oleh titik api, titik air dan titik penyimpanan yang khas dan menciptakan narasi menarik untuk ditelaah. Untuk itu, pembahasan skripsi ini memiliki fokus menelaah pola gerak yang terjadi di dalam ruang masak serta interaksi pelaku terhadap objek-objek dalam ruang pada periode waktu tertentu ketika memasak hidangan Timur Tengah. Dari pengamatan tersebut, performa spasial kegiatan memasak hidangan Timur Tengah menggunakan titik api sebagai pusat utama gerakan dan kegiatannya. ......Spatial performance is a space with a system consisting of the interaction of actors with objects contained in the space. In the spatial performance of cooking activities, narrative activities are formed as a series of activities to process food ingredients to be served and eaten. The cooking activity of Middle Eastern dishes is unique in the processing of food ingredients. There are sequences of movements and interactions between objects in space that are carried out distinctive by fire point, water point, and storage point and create a unique narrative to study. For this reason, the discussion of this thesis focuses on studying the movement patterns which occur in the cooking space and the interaction of actors with objects in space at a certain time when cooking Middle Eastern dishes. From these observations, the spatial performance of Middle Eastern cooking activities uses fire point as the main center of movement and activities.

Abstrak :
This book investigates the theme of global transitions with a cross-regional comparative study of two areas experiencing change over the past three decades: Southeast Asia and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Political transitions in Asia have been the subject of interest in academic and policy-making communities recently as there are encouraging signs of democratization in countries that exhibit elements of authoritarianism. In those countries with relatively open political systems, transitions to democracy have been complete - albeit messy, flawed, and highly contested. In contrast, countries of the MENA region that have been gripped by revolts in recent years find themselves in the midst of chaotic and uncontrollable transitions. Why are there such differences between these regions? What, if anything, can be learned and applied from the transitions in Southeast Asia? These questions are answered here as Asia's experience is contrasted with the Arab revolts and the struggle of the different countries in the MENA region to fashion a new social contract between states and citizens.