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"Tujuan : Mengetahui korelasi antara kadar vitamin C plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma berdasarkan gradasi merokokTempat : PT. NATIONAL GOBEL - Cimanggis - Jawa Barat.Metodologi : Studi korelasi, pada 108 orang laki-laki berusia 20 - 55 tahun, perokok dan bukan perokok, yang terpilih secara simple random sampling. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data umnm, kebiasaan mcrokok, konsumsi suplemen vitamin C, asupan makanan serta kadar vitamin C plasma dan MDA plasma.Hasil : Kebiasaan merokok terdapat pada 45.4% subyek penelitian. Berdasarkan Indeks Brinkman, 37,1% termasuk perokok ringan, 8,3% perokok sedang dan tidak didapatkan perokok berat. Nilai median kadar vitamin C plasma 0.51( ,04 - 1.36 ) mg/dl dan nilai median kadar MDA plasma 0,63 ( 0,22 - 4,74 ) nmol/ml. Didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara asupan energi, protein, serat, merokok dan konsumsi suplemen vitamin C dengan kadar vitamin C plasma serta hubungan bermakna antara konsumsi suplemen vitamin C dengan kadar MDA plasma. Didapatkan korelasi negatif antara kadar vitamin C plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma pada bukan perokok, perokok ringan dan perokok sedang namun korelasi tersebut tidak bermakna ( r-0,014; p=0,916; r--0,170; p=0,295; 1=a-0,317; Korelasi negatif, kuat dan bermakna antara kadar vitamin C plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma didapatkan pada perokok yang mengkonsumsi suplemen vitamin C (r=-0,943; p = 0,005 ).Kesimpulan : Didapatkan korelasi negatif antara kadar vitamin C plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma berdasarkan gradasi merokok, namun korelasi tersebut tidak bermakna. Walaupun tidak bermakna, ada kecenderungan korelasi semakin menguat sesuai peningkatan gradasi merokok. Korelasi negatif, kuat dan bermakna antara kadar vitamin C plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma didapatkan pada perokok yang mengkonsumsi suplemen vitamin C.

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Objective: To identify the correlation between plasma level of vitamin C and plasma level of MDA based on smoking gradation.

Place : PT. National Gabel - Cimanggis - Bogor.

Methods : The simple random sampling was used for correlation study of 108 subjects, smokers and non smokers, age between 20 - 55 years. Data collections including: general data, smoking habit, consumption of vitamin C supplement, food intake and plasma level of vitamin C and MDA.

Result : The smokers found a total of 45.4% of the subjects. Using Brinkman's index, the gradation of light smokers were 37.1%, moderate smokers were 82% and there was no heavy smoker. Median value of vitamin C level in plasma was 0.51(0.04 - 1.36) mg/dl and for MDA level in plasma was 0.63 (0.22 -- 4,74) nmol/ml. Significant relationship was found between energy intake, protein, fiber, smoking habit and consumption of vitamin C supplement with plasma level of vitamin C. Significant relationship was found between consumption of vitamin C supplement with plasma level of MDA. Negative correlation was found between plasma level of vitamin C with plasma level of MDA of non smokers, light smokers and moderate smokers but not significant ( r -0.014, p=0.15; r=-0.170, p:'J.295; r=-0.317,p=0406). Smokers who consumed vitamin C supplement was found a negative, strong and significant correlation between plasma level of vitamin C and plasma level of' MDA( r = - 0.943, p = 0.005 ).

Conclusion : Negative correlation was found between plasma level of vitamin C and plasma level of MDA based on smoking gradation, but not significant. Although not significant, there was a tendency of stronger correlation if smoking gradation increase. Smokers who consumed vitamin C supplement was found a negative, strong and significant correlation between plasma level of vitamin C and plasma level of MDA."

"Penelitian ini dirancang untuk menyelidiki perubahan biokimia pada manusia oleh akumulasi radikal bebas karena polusi udara. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 60 polisi desa yang terdiri atas 30 bukan perokok (kelompok I) dan 30 perokok (kelompok II); 30 polisi administratif perokok di Jakarta (kelompok III) dan 30 polisi lalu lintas perokok di Jakarta (kelompok IV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar malondialdehid plasma (MDA) kelompok I, II, III, dan IV adalah : 3.34 + 0.81 mmol/l; 4.28 + 0.77 mmol/l; 5.20 + 0.66 mmol/l dan 5.12 + 0.78 mmol/l yang secara statistik berbeda satu sama lainnya (p < 0.01), kecuali antar kelompok III dan IV. Aktivitas superoksida dismutase (SOD) dari kelompok-kelompok tersebut adalah : 16.75 + 9.80 U/mg protein; 22.83 + 6.82 U/mg protein; 26.10 + 8.50 U/mg protein dan 26.90 + 9.34 U/mg protein, yang berbeda secara statistik antara kelompok I terhadap kelompok lainnya (p < 0.05). Aktivitas katalase kelompok-kelompok tersebut adalah : 106.25 + 47.47 U/mg protein; 118.84 + 42.73 U/mg protein; 119.83 + 35.35 U/mg protein dan 145.57 + 61.85 U/mg protein. Terdapat perbedaan yang secara statistik bermakna antara kelompok I dan IV. Pemberian vitamin C (500 mg) dan E (300 mg) per hari selama 30 hari pada polisi dengan tingkat stres oksidasi yang tinggi menurunkan aktivitas SOD dari 27.34 + 10.05 U/mg protein menjadi 16.91 + 6.51 U/mg protein (p < 0.05) dan katalase dari 134.29 + 53.28 U/mg protein menjadi 67.07 + 25.26 U/mg protein (p < 0.05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa status oksidasi polisi kota lebih tinggi daripada polisi desa dan kombinasi vitamin C dan E dapat menurunkan sebagian stres oksidasi tersebut. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 77-80)

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This study was designed to investigate the biochemical alteration in human caused by free radical accumulation due to air pollution. The policemen recruited were 60 country policemen consisting of 30 non smokers (group I) and 30 smokers (group II); 30 smoking policemen with administrative work in Jakarta (group III) and 30 smoking traffic policemen from Jakarta (group IV). Our results show that the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of groups I, II, III, IV, respectively were : 3.34 + 0.81 umol/l; 4.28 + 0.77 umol/l; 5.20 + 0.66 umol/l and 5.12 + 0.78 umol/l which were statistically different (p < 0.01) among each others, except between groups III and IV. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the groups respectively, were: 16.75 + 9.80 U/mg protein; 22.83 + 6.82 U/mg protein; 26.10 + 8.50 U/mg protein and 26.90 + 9.34 U/mg protein, which were statistically different (p < 0.05) between group I vs the other groups. The catalase activity of the groups respectively were : 106.25 + 47.47 U/mg protein; 118.84 + 42.73 U/mg protein; 119.83 + 35.35 U/mg protein and 145.57 + 61.85 U/mg protein. The statistical difference (p < 0.05) was found between group I & IV. Administration of vitamins C (500 mg) and E (300 mg) daily for 30 days to the policemen with high oxidant stress caused a decreased in the activities of SOD from 27.34 + 10.05 U/mg protein to 16.91 + 6.51 U/mg protein (p < 0.05) and catalase from 134.29 + 53.28 U/mg protein to 67.07 + 25.26 U/mg protein (p < 0.05). This study shows us that the oxidant status of city policemen was higher than that of rural policemen and that a combination of vitamins C & E could reduce the oxidant stress to a certain extent. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 77-80)"

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Latar belakang:Penyebab utama kematian pasien penyakit ginjal kronis (PGK) adalah penyakit kardiovaskular. Stres oksidatif merupakan mediator dalam patogenesis sindrom kardiorenal. Terapi kombinasi penghambat reseptor angiotensin dan statin dapat dipertimbangkan dalam manajemen pasien PGK karena pendekatannya berbeda dalam menekan stres oksidatif.

Tujuan:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek irbesartan dan simvastatin terhadap penurunan stres oksidatif melalui pengamatan kadar malondialdehid (MDA) jantung dan serum tikus PGK.

Metode:Penelitian ini menggunakan jantung dan serum tersimpan dari tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang telah diberikan perlakuan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Terdapat 3 kelompok yakni kontrol normal (sham; n=4), nefrektomi 5/6 (Nx; n=4), dan nefrektomi 5/6 + terapi irbesartan 20mg/kgBB/hari dan simvastatin 10mg/kgBB/hari selama 4 minggu (Nx + Ir-Si; n=4). Kadar MDA sampel jantung dan serum tersimpan diukur dengan metode TBARS. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS menggunakan uji One-Way Anova. Nilai p ≤0.05 dianggap bermakna secara statistik.

Hasil:Pemberian irbesartan 20mg/kgBB/hari dan simvastatin 10mg/kgBB/hari selama 4 minggu menyebabkan kadar MDA yang cenderung meningkat namun tidak bermakna pada organ jantung (p=0,069) dan serum (p=0,091) tikus PGK.

Simpulan:Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok tikus PGK yang diberi terapi kombinasi irbesartan dan simvastatin dengan kelompok tikus PGK tanpa terapi terhadap hasil rerata kadar MDA jantung dan serum tikus.

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Background:Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease(CKD). Oxidative stress is one of the mediators in cardiorenal syndrome. Combined angiotensin-receptor blockers and statins can be considered in CKDmanagement. 

Purpose:This study aims to determine the effect of irbesartan-simvastatin on reducing oxidative stress by observing malondialdehyde (MDA)levels in the heart and serum of CKD rats model.

Methods:This study uses stored heart tissue and serum from male Sprague-Dawley rats, those had been given treatment in previous study. There are 3 groups which are normal control (sham; n=4), untreated 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx; n=4), and 5/6 nephrectomy + irbesartan 20mg/kgBW/day and simvastatin 10mg/kgBW/day (Nx + Ir-Si; n=4).MDAlevels were measured using TBARS methods. Data were analyzed with SPSSusing One-Way Anova test. p value ≤0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Results:Combined therapy of irbesartan 20mg/kgBW/day and simvastatin 10mg/kgBW/day for 4 weeks caused a tendency in malondialdehyde levels to increase but not statistically significant in heart (p=0.069) and serum (p=0.091)of CKD rats model.

Conclusion:There were no significant differences between group of CKD rats with combined therapy of irbesartan-simvastatin and group of CKD rats without therapy on the MDA levels in heart and serum.

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"Hipertensi adalah salah satu penyebab kematian utama di dunia dan dapat menyebabkan penyakit lain, seperti chronic kidney disease (CKD) dan hipertensi pada ginjal. Selain obat antihipertensi (captopril), tanaman herbal (Apium graveolens) juga terkenal untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. Malondialdehyde akan meningkat jika reactive oxygen stress (ROS) juga meningkat, sedangkan katalase adalah enzim antioksidan yang memetabolisme H2O2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati efek aditif dari kombinasi captopril dan ekstrak seledri dalam menurunkan tekanan darah, katalase, dan MDA. Studi data eksperimental laboratorium yang menggunakan jaringan ginjal dari tikus Sprague-Dawley. Tikus di induksi dengan metode non-invasive blood pressure selama kurang lebih 60 hari. Setiap sampel dianalisa dengan ELISA untuk menentukan kadar MDA, katalase dengan menggunakan data protein jaringan ginjal. Hasil uji tekanan darah menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan antara grup pengobatan captopril dengan ekstrak seledri (p = 0,000). Hasil uji kombinasi pengobatan captopril dengan ekstrak seledri tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signfikan dengan kelompok negatif dalam menurunkan tingkat katalase (p = 0,355) dan MDA (p = 0,213). Studi analisis data menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dalam menurunkan tekanan darah, tetapi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna untuk menurunkan tingkat katalase dan MDA dalam jaringan ginjal tikus yang diberikan kombinasi pengobatan captopril dan ekstrak Apium graveolens. 

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Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death and can cause other morbidities, such as chronic kidney disease and renovascular hypertension. Aside from antihypertensive medications (captopril), herbal medicine (Apium graveolens) is popular to decrease the blood pressure. Malondialdehyde will increase along with ROS activity, while catalase is an antioxidant enzyme to metabolize H2O2. This study aims to examine the additive effect of captopril and celery extract in decreasing blood pressure, MDA, and catalase. Laboratory experimental data using kidney tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats underwent induction by non-invasive blood pressure method for around 60 days. Samples are analyzed using ELISA, by obtaining data for MDA, catalase, and protein content from kidney tissue. Blood pressure showing significant decreases between combination treatment groups (p = 0,000). There are no significant differences between combination treatment groups with negative groups in decreasing catalase with p = 0,355) and MDA level (p = 0,213). Study data analysis showed significant differences in decreasing blood pressure, but did not show statistically significant differences in decreasing catalase and MDA level in rats treated with combination treatment of captopril and Apium graveolens extract. "

"Pendahuluan Salah satu penyebab komplikasi DM tipe 2 adalah terjadinya peningkatan radikal bebas yang berujung pada kerusakan organ akibat stres oksidatif yang dapat dilihat pada mikrovaskular, salah satunya ginjal. Daun kari memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang mampu menetralkan radikal bebas sehingga mengurangi stres oksidatif. Metode Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain eksperimental pada hewan coba yaitu tikus. Pengukuran dilakukan pada kadar malondialdehida dan aktivitas enzim katalase yang termasuk dalam biomarker stres oksidatif. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri Hewan coba terbagi dalam lima kelompok yaitu kelompok normal, diabetes, diabetes dengan pemberian ekstrak daun kari 200 mg/KgBB/hari, pemberian 400 mg/KgBB/hari dan pemberian glibenklamid. Hasil Kadar MDA pada jaringan ginjal tikus DM tipe 2 dengan pemberian ekstrak daun kari dengan dosis 200 mg/KgBB/hari mengalami penurunan yang signifikan dibandingkan tikus diabetes tanpa intervensi (p = 0,003) dan tikus diabetes dengan pemberian glibenklamid (p = 0,012) dengan batas kemaknaan p < 0,05 sedangkan dosis 400 mg/KgBB/hari tidak memberikan hasil yang signifikan. Pemberian ekstrak daun kari pada berbagai dosis tidak memberikan hasil yang signifikan pada kenaikan aktivitas katalase dibandingkan kelompok lainnya. Kesimpulan Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun kari dosis 200 mg/KgBB/hari memberikan penurunan kadar MDA dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif dan kontrol positif glibenklamid.

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Introduction One of the causes of complications on type 2 diabetes is the increase in free radical that lead to organ damage due to oxidative stress. This damage can be seen in microvascular complications, one of them is kidney. Curry leaves have antioxidant capacity that is able to neutralize free radicals thereby reduce the oxidative stress. Method This study was conducted with an experimental design in animals, mice. Measurement were made on the levels of malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase enzyme which are oxidative stress biomarker. Measurements were done with spectrophotometry. The experimental animal were divided to five groups namely normal, diabetes, diabetes with curry leaf extract in high and low dose, and diabetic with glibenclamide administration. Result MDA level in kidney tissue of type 2 diabetic mice with curry leaf extract administration in dose 200 mg/KgBW/d experienced a significant decrease compared to diabetic mice without intervention (p=0,003) and diabetic mice with glibenclamide administration (p=0.012) with a significance limit at p<=0,05 while at dose 400 mg/KgBW/d did not give significant results. Curry leaf extract at various doses did not give any significant results on the increase of catalase activity compared to other groups. Discussion Curry leaf extract administration at dose 200 mg/KgW/d reduce MDA level than negative (diabetes without any administration) and positive (glibenclamide administration) control group."

"Adaptation mechanism to hypoxia in living organisms increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that could exceed the capacity of anti oxidant. Gluthatione (GSH) in which highest concentration present in liver, plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular redox equilibrium and protect tissues from oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to observe tissue response of rat that was exposed to chronic systemic hypoxia by analyzing the oxidative stress in liver tissue. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by chronic systemic hypoxia by kept them in hypoxic chamber (10% O2:90% N2) for 1, 3, 7 and 14 day(s). All rats were sacrificed with ether anesthesia after hypoxia treatment. Liver tissues were analyzed using parameters of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) with tBARS test, and endogenous antioxidant, glutathione reduced form (GSH). The study showed that chronic systemic hypoxia induction caused oxidative stress in liver tissue, which was shown by increased concentration of MDA in liver tissue (nmol/mg liver tissue). Concentration of MDA in liver tissue was increased significantly on day-1, day-3, day-7 and day-14 compared to control group (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). The differences between day-3, day-7 and day-14 was not significant. In contrast, liver GSH content (μg/mg liver protein) was progressively decreased significantly since day-1 of hypoxia until the end of experiment (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that there is a strong correlation between MDA and GSH concentration in liver tissue (Pearson = - 0.993). It was concluded that oxidative stress present in liver tissue of rat induced by chronic systemic hypoxia."

"Toluena dijumpai tersebar di lingkungan kita. Manusia terpapar logam ini dari berbagai sumber seperti udara, air, tanah dan makanan yang terkontaminasi. Terdapat beberapa penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa toluena menyebabkan stres oksidatif dengan meningkatkan pembentukan reactive oxygen species dan menurunkan sistem anti-oksidan. Peroksidasi lipid meningkat karena terganggunya keseimbangan oksidan dan anti-oksidan, yang diukur dengan kadar malondialdehyde. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian berbagai pajanan toluena terhadap peroksidasi lipid. Tiga puluh ekor tikus wistar jantan dengan berat badan 200-250 gram dibagi dalam lima kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol, kelompok II sampai V berturut-turut mendapat toluena secara inhalasi, dosis 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm, yang dipajan selama 4 jam/hari. Setelah 14 hari berturut-turut, dilakukan pengukuran kadar malondialdehyde plasma dan darah tepi. Peningkatan kadar malondialdehyde pada kelompok IV, secara statistik tidak bermakna (p=0,118). Peningkatan tersebut sejalan dengan peningkatan pajanan toluena yang diberikan, kecuali kelompok V. Beberapa hasil darah tepi, yang tidak bermakna secara statistik yaitu HB, Hematokrit, leukosit, neutrofil, limfosit dan monosit. Sedangkan eritrosit, VER, HER, KHER, trombosit, dan eosinofil secara statistic menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna.

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Toulene can be found in our environment. Humans are exposed to these metal from various sources such as air, water, soil, and contaminated food. There are several studies that show that toluene causes oxidative stress by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and decreasing the anti-oxidant system. Increased lipid peroxidation are due to the disruption of the balance of oxidants and antioxidants, as measured by levels of malondialdehyde. This study aims to determine the effect of various exposure of toluene towards lipid peroxidation. Thirty male wistar rats weighing 200-250 grams are divided into five groups. Group I as a control variable, group II to group V each gets toluene through inhalaton, with 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm doses, which are exposed for 4 hours/day. After 14 consecutive days, a measurement of the levels of malondialdehyde plasma and peripheral blood is done. Increase in levels of malondialdehyde in group IV is not statistically significant (p=0,118). This increase is in line with the increase of given toluene exposure, except for group V. Some of the results of peripheral blood, which was not statistically significant HB, hematocrit, leukocytes, neutrophil, lymphocytes and monocytes. While erythrocytes, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets and eosinophils statically shows significant difference."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui kadar vitamin E plasma, malondialdehida plasma dan kebiasaan merokok pekerja laki-laki. Hasilnya diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu dasar memperbaiki pola hidup untuk menurunkan risiko aterosklerosis pada perokok dan bukan perokok. Tempat: PT. Nasional Gobel - Bogor Jawa Barat. Metodologi: Penelitian dengan desain cross sectional pada 115 pekerja laki-laki, yang merokok dan tidak merokok, berusia 20-55 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dan penolakan, dan terpilih secara simple random sampling, menggunakan tabel bilangan acak. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi : umur, pendidikan, penghasilan, IMT, persentase lemak tubuh, asupan lemak, asupan serat, asupan vitamin E, kadar vitamin E plasma dan MDA plasma. Hasil: Median kadar vitamin E plasma subyek yang tidak merokok [24,76 (I8,89-50,61) μmol/L] lebih tinggi dari subyek yang merokok [23,80 (12,25-38,14) μunol/L]. Median kadar MDA plasma subyek yang tidak merokok [0,61 (0,22-4,75) nmol/mL] lebih rendah dari subyek yang merokok [0,68 (0,32-3,01) nmol/mL]. Tidak didapat hubungan yang bermakna (p > 0,05) antara asupan vitamin E, kadar vitamin E plasma, kadar MDA plasma dengan kebiasaan merokok. Terdapat korelasi positif yang bermakna (p < 0,05) antara IMT (r = 0,28), persentase massa lemak tubuh (r = 0,25) dengan kadar vitamin E plasma. Didapatkan korelasi negatif yang sangat lemah (r = -0,11) antara kadar vitamin E dengan MDA plasma pada subyek penelitian yang tidak merokok dan pada subyek yang merokok hampir tidak didapat korelasi (r = -0,07) dan tidak bermakna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma pada pekerja laki-laki yang tidak merokok dan yang merokok.

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Objective: To study plasma vitamin E concentration, MDA concentration and smoking habit male workers. The results are expected to be used as one of the basis to enhance life pattern, and to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis.

Place: PT. National Gabel Bogor, West Java.

Method: A cross sectional study was carried out among 115 male smoking workers and non smoking workers, age 20-55 years old, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria selected by simple random sampling using random table. Data collection consist of age, education, income, body mass index, fat mass percentage, fat intake, vitamin E intake, plasma vitamin E and MDA concentrations.

Results: Median of plasma vitamin E concentration among non smokers was higher [24,76(18,89-50,61) μmol/L] than smokers [23,80(12,25-38,14) μmol/L]. While median of plasma MDA concentration among non smokers [0,61(0,22-4,75) μmol/L] was lower than smokers [0,68(0,32-3,01) μmol/mL]. There were no significant relationship (p>0,05) between vitamin E intake, plasma vitamin E concentration, plasma MDA concentration and smoking. There were significant (p<0,05) positive correlation between body mass index (r=0,28), fat mass percentage (r=0,25) and plasma vitamin E concentration. Weak negative correlation was found between plasma vitamin E and MDA concentration.

Conclusions: There was weak negative correlation but not significant between plasma vitamin E and MDA concentration in smoking workers."