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Abstrak :
Banyak penelitian tentang bagaimana jumlah anak mempengaruhi kemungkinan wanita yang sudah menikah bergabung dengan pasar tenaga kerja. Ada juga penelitian yang berfokus pada bagaimana lingkungan sosial dan ekonomi memengaruhi probabilitas perempuan bekerja. Namun demikian, belum ada penelitian tentang bagaimana variasi dampak tersebut di lingkungan sosial ekonomi yang berbeda. Makalah ini mengisi kekosongan ini, dengan menggabungkan dua set data Indonesia: Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional 2015 untuk mendapatkan informasi individual, dan survei Potensi Desa 2014 untuk memeroleh informasi tentang lingkungan sosial ekonomi. Analisis regresi logistik dilakukan dengan beberapa variabel kontrol individu, termasuk informasi tentang suami. Untuk menangkap dampak lingkungan sosial-ekonomi pada pola hubungan antara jumlah anak dan probabilitas perempuan untuk bergabung dalam pasar tenaga kerja, makalah ini menggunakan variabel interaksi antara jumlah anak dan variabel lingkungan sosial ekonomi. Lingkungan ekonomi diukur dengan PDB per kapita, kemiskinan, ketersediaan usaha kecil dan menengah, dan jarak ke kantor kecamatan; dan lingkungan sosial, oleh fasilitas kesehatan, fasilitas pendidikan, dan adanya kejahatan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa beberapa lingkungan ekonomi (PDB dan kemiskinan) dan satu lingkungan sosial (fasilitas kesehatan) memiliki interaksi yang signifikan dengan jumlah anak. Selanjutnya, arahnya bervariasi tergantung pada lingkungan. ......There have been many studies on how number children affects probability of married women joining the labour market. There are also studies who focused on how social and economic environments affect the probability. Nevertheless, there has been no study on how the impact varies in different socio-economic environments. This paper fills in this gap, by merging two Indonesian data sets: 2015 National Socio-economic survey to have individual information and 2014 Village Potential survey to obtain the information on socio-economic environments. A logistic regression analysis is conducted with some individual control variables, including information on husbands. To capture the impact of socio-economic environments on the pattern of relationship between number of children and probability of the women joining the labour market, this paper puts interaction terms between number of children and variables on socio-economic environments. Economic environment is measured by per capita GDP, poverty, availability of small and medium enterprise, and distance to head of district office; and social environment, by health facilities, education facilities, and existence of crime. The results show that some economic environments (GDP and poverty) and one social environment (health facilities) have significant interaction with number of children. Furthermore, the direction varies depending on the environments.

Abstrak :

Penelitian ini mengekplorasi hubungan antara dua aspek penting bagi pembangunan ekonomi, yaitu tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan (TPAKP) and upah riil di Indonesia. Level TPAK di Indonesia terus mengalami peningkatan, tetapi upah rill justru menurun. Penelitian ini berasumsi bahwa keadaan ini terjadi karena mayoritas pekerja perempuan di Indonesia bekerja di industri yang rendah level produktivitasnya, sehingga membuat garis pasokan pekerja pada kurva ketersediaan tenaga kerja dan upah riil bergeser ke kanan, ke titik upah yang lebih rendah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan teknik penelitian kuantitatif pada 30 provinsi di Indonesia periode 2002-2018, menggunakan regresi GLS dengan efek random. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang berasal dari BPS-RI. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa peningkatan level TPAKP di Indonesia membawa efek negatif pada tingkat upah riil per jam. Dengan kata lain, peningkatan jumlah tenaga kerja perempuan di Indonesia menyebabkan penurunan level upah riil per jam, baik untuk upah pekerja perempuan maupun laki-laki. Penemuan ini merupakan indikasi bahwa peningkatan partisipasi perempuan di pasar tenaga kerja sebaiknya diikuti dengan pekerjaan yang berkualitas bagi mereka. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan terkait peningkatan kesempatan kerja bagi perempuan di industri yang lebih produktif merupakan hal yang penting, termasuk kebijakan guna mengurangi hambatan-hambatan kerja bagi perempuan.

 

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This research explores the relationship between two essential aspects for economic development which are female labour force participation (FLFP) and the real wage in Indonesia. While the level of FLFP in Indonesia keeps increasing over time, the real wage decreases. This paper argues that this happens because most females work in less productive industries that makes the labour supply line shifts to the right and drives the wage to a lower level. Conducting in quantitative research for 30 provinces in Indonesia from 2002 until 2018, this paper uses Random-effects GLS Regression for panel data analysis. The data for this research is secondary data from BPS-Statistics Indonesia. This paper finds that the raising trend of FLFP in Indonesia has a negative effect on the hourly real wage. In other word, the raising of female labour supply in Indonesia generally worsens the hourly wage, both for female and male wage. This finding is an early warning that the high level of female participation in labour market should be followed by qualified job for them. Policies related to increasing job opportunity for women in more productive industries is vital, including dealing with some constraints that influence their time in the labour market.

 

Abstrak :
This study analyses the extent and nature of female unpaid work in the context of rural households in India. In particular, the study looks at the relationship between land ownership and the extent of domestic duties , performed by females, adjusted by family size, in rural agricultural households. Further, the study considers the role of socioeconomic and socio-religious class and the engagement of women in domestic duties. The study uses the Indian National Sample Survey quinquennial round of ; employment and unemployment survey data for the period 2011-2012. To find out the relationship between various land ownership modalities and domestic duties performed by females, the study makes use of the fractional logit regression model. The empirical result suggests that there is a greater 1 probability of more women workers getting involved in unpaid work as the ' land-ownership size of the household increases. Further, it is seen that the probability that females engaged in unpaid work is greater for those in casual agricultural households with large land cultivated than for those who are in self-employed households. The study finds that the proportion of rural women engaged in domestic duties is 34 per cent, and the majority of them want to work either on a regular or part-time basis (74 per cent) as well as be able to attend to domestic duties. These results suggest that more effective labour market policy, which will encourage women to participate in paid work, is needed. Moreover, family-friendly policies and initiatives that encourage a more equitable sharing of the burden of care and household chores between males and females are required.

Abstrak :
The objective of this study is to assess whether recent marital discussion on family planning is associated with contraceptive use among young couples residing in rural Maharashtra, India. The study methods used involved analysis of baseline data collected from 867 couples participating in the CHARM Family Planning evaluation trial. Participants were surveyed on demographics, contraceptive behaviour, and a six-item scale on marital discussions concerning family planning (including family size and contraceptive use) over the preceding six months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis assessed associations between marital family planning discussions and current modern contraceptive use for birth spacing, adjusting for demographics.

The results revealed that 22.0 per cent of women reported current use of modern contraceptives for birth spacing. Nearly half (46.4 per cent) of women reported 'high marital family planning discussion/ based on a median split dichotomizing the scale as high or low. Women who reported 'high discussion' on family planning compared to those with low discussion' were seven times more likely to use modem contraceptives for birth spacing (45.4 per cent 9.8 per cent; adjusted odds ratio = 7.1, 95 per cent, confidence interval = 4.9 - 10.3). In conclusion, the findings support promotion of marital family planning counselling to improve contraceptive use among young rural married couples.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan pendidikan dan partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan di Jawa Barat. Penulis menemukan bahwa pendidikan berdampak negatif dengan signifikansi 1% terhadap partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan di Jawa Barat. Hasil survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional Tahun 2018–2022 digunakan untuk metode kuantitatif yang menerapkan model Binary Logistic Regression. Selain itu, status pernikahan dan status KRT berdampak positif pada partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan di Jawa Barat. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa faktor-faktor seperti jenis instansi dan gaji berdampak pada partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan. Untuk mendukung temuan kuantitatif, penulis menggunakan analisis kualitatif yang mencakup survei kuesioner dan wawancara mendalam. ......This study analyses the relationship between education and female labour force participation in West Java. The author found that education has a negative impact with 1% significance on female labour force participation in West Java. The results of the 2018-2022 National Labour Force survey were used for the quantitative method that applied the Binary Logistic Regression model. In addition, marital status and household head status have a positive impact on female labour force participation in West Java. The authors also found that factors such as agency type and salary have an impact on female labour force participation. To support the quantitative findings, the authors used qualitative analysis that included a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews.