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"Summary:19 year-old Chani lives in the ultra-orthodox Jewish community of North West London. She has never had physical contact with a man, but is bound to marry a stranger."

"ABSTRAKKaum wanita Yahudi Amerika memiliki peran dan posisi yang berbeda dari kaum wanita Yahudi Eropa. Di Fropa, kaum wanita Yahudi sepenuhnya berada di bawah kekuasaan kaum laki-laki. Tetapi di Amerika mereka memiliki posisi yang lebih baik. Benar bahwa mereka belum sepenuhnya terbebas dari kekuasaan laki-laki, namun mereka telah mengalami perubahan-perubahan besar berkaitan dengan peran dan posisi mereka Perubahan-perubahan tersebut tidak otomatis terjadi, melainkan karena mereka perjuangkan. Proses Amerikanisasi dan gerakan feminisme kaum wanita kulit putih Amerika memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap perjuangan kaum wanita Yahudi Amerika untuk bisa memiliki peran dan posisi yang sejajar dengan kaum prianya.Perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi di kalangan kaum wanita Yahudi Amerika bisa dilihat dalam sikap mereka terhadap hubungan percintaan, terhadap orang tua, maupun terhadap agama. Perubahan-perubahan ini bisa kita lihat proyeksinya di dalam karya satra, yakni dalam karya Bernard Malamud ("The Magic Barrel" dan The Assistant) den Philip Roth ("Epstein" dan Goodbye, CoIumbus). Oleh karena itu tujuan penulisan tesis ini adalah untuk menunjukkan adanya perubahan sikap tokoh-tokoh wanita Yahudi Amerika terhadap hubungan percintaan, terhadap orangtua, dan terhadap agama di dalam karya-karya Bernard Malamud dan Philip Roth yang sudah di sebut di atas.Di dalam menganalisis keempat karya dari dua pengarang tersebut, penulis menggunakan tiga teori., yakni (1) teori hubungan antara pengarang, karya sastra dan realitas, (2) teori asimilasi, dan (3) teori gender. Ketiga teori ini merupakan landaaan pembicaraan atau analisis keempat karya di atas.Dari hasil analisis karya karya di atas, terjadi perubahan-perubahan sikap yang signifikan dari tokoh-tokoh wanita Yahudi Amerika yang merupakan proyeksi dari realitas kehidupan sehari-hari. Proses asimilasi dan gerakan feminisme kaum wanita kulit putih memberikan pengaruh yang besar di dalam perubahan-perubahan tersebut, sehingga Bernard Malamud dan Philip Roth menciptakan tokoh-tokoh wanita mereka sebagai pribadi yang kuat, yang berhak menentukan kehidupan mereka sendiri. Di dalam proses untuk menjadi wanita yang mendiri, tokoh-tokoh wanita Yahudi Amerika di dalam keempat karya tersebut terlibat di dalam konflik dengan orangtua mereka yang masih ingin mempertahankan nilai-nilai budaya Yahudi tradisional.

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ABSTRACT

American Jewish Women Characters In Bernard Malamud's "The Magic Barrel" And The Assistant And Philip Roth's "Epstein" And Goodbye, Columbus.American Jewish women have a different role and position from European Jewish women. In Europe, Jewish women were completely under the domination of the men. In the United States of America, however, they have a better position. It is true that they haven't completely freed from the men domination, but they have undergone significant changes in accordance with their role and position. Those changes do not automatically happen, but they struggle for them. The Americanization process and feminism movement of the American white women have great influence on the struggle of American Jewish women to be equal to men.

Changes happening to the American Jewish women can be seen in their attitude toward romantic love, toward their parents, and toward religion. These changes are reflected in Bernard Malamud's "The Magic Barrel" and The Assistant and in Philip Roth's "Epstein" and Goodbye, Columbus. The purpose of the writing of this thesis, therefore, is to pinpoint the changes of attitude of the American Jewish women toward romantic love, toward their parents, and toward religion in Bernard Malamud's and Philip Roth's works mentioned above.

In analyzing Bernard Malamud's and Philip Roth's works, the writer uses three theories, i.e. (1) the theory of relationship among the author, his work, and reality, (2) the theory of assimilation, and (3) the theory of gender.

From the analysis of the previously mentioned works, the writer is able to prove that American Jewish women characters undergo significant changes in their attitude toward romantic love, toward their parents, and toward religion. More or less, these changes are closely related with the factual reality. In other words, their attitude changes in Malamud's and Philip Roth's works are the projection of the changes of the American Jewish women's attitude in general. The Americanization process and feminism movement of the American white women have great influence on them, so that Bernard Malamud and Philip Roth create their women characters as possessing strong personality and insisting on determining their own life. In process of becoming independent women, the American Jewish women characters in Bernard Malamud's and Philip Roth's works often conflict with their parents who still want to maintain traditional values of Jewish culture."

"Despite some pioneering work by scholars, historians still find it hard to listen to the voices of women in the Holocaust. Learning more about both the women who survived and who did not survive the Nazi genocide, through the testimony of the women themselves, not only increases our understanding of this terrible period in history, but necessarily makes us rethink our relationship to the gendered nature of knowledge itself. This book is about the ways in which socially and culturally constructed gender roles were placed under extreme pressure; yet also about the fact that gender continued to operate as an important arbiter of experience. Indeed, paradoxically enough, the extreme conditions of the Holocaust, even of the death camps, may have reinforced the importance of gender. Whilst men and women for no greater reason than their being Jewish were sentenced to death, gender nevertheless operated as a crucial signifier for survival. Pregnant women as well as women accompanied by young children or those deemed incapable of hard labour were sent straight to the gas chambers. The very qualities which made them women were manipulated and exploited by the Nazis as a source of dehumanization. Moreover, women were less likely to survive the camps even if they were not selected for death. Gender therefore became a matter of life and death."