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"ABSTRAKPeraturan Presiden Nomor 10 tahun 1959 ( PP No.10/ 1959 ) dikeluarkan pada masa Demokrasi Terpimpin. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui latar belakang situasi dikeluarkanya peraturan tersebut , yang meliputi situasi solsial , politik serta ekonomi secara umum. Selain itu juga ingin melihat dampak yang diakibatkan oleh pelaksanaan peraturan ini terhadap hubungan Indonesia-RRC. Pada waktu pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah ini, ternyata menimbulkan berbagai efek negatif, terutama bagi kehidupan etnis Cina di Indonesia. Hal ini juga pemicu timbulnya persengketaan antara pemerintah Indonesia dan RRC. Pemerintahan masing-masing membela kepentingan warganya. Sehingga perselisihan tidak terelakkan Bebagai upaya dilakukan oleh kedua belah pihak , agar pelaksanaan peraturan ini tidak merugikan salah satunya. Pada bagian akhir, PP No. 10/ 1959 ini dihentikan sementara, tapi tidak pernah dibekukan

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"ABSTRACTChinas contemporary) trans-regional initiative. to establish the. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) -previously known as One Beit One Road (OBOR) -has attracted a lot of attention; not only because the initiative involves more than 60 countries across Asia, Africa and south Europe, but also because it represents a re-emerging China that is being considered a challenger to the post-second World War liberal world order led by the United States. The initiative has also been perceived JS a Chinese strategy to enhance its influence beyond its traditional reaim by tJking advantage of its economic prowess. Indonesia was among the first countries introduced to the OBOR and whose territory is at the heart of the OBOR route. The country, however, has been prudent in the face of Chinese offers since it has perceived the initiative as both an opportunity and challenge in economic as well as strategic dimensions. In addition, the Chinese BRI grand initic1tive may create regional pro­blems due to hotspots in the South China Sea and the inclination of some regional states to support China rather than strengthen the Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Thus, while it is important to weicome the initiative, critical assessments of the project are indeed necessary in order to understand its impact on the geo-economy and geo-politics of involved regions cind on future relations between the involved countries and China."

"ABSTRAKThe discussion of regional leadership in South East Asia tends to be dominated by analysis of the relationship between the United States and China. Looking beyond great power competition this paper examines Indonesia`s perception of China in Southeast Asia. This is worth studying because Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and has its own aspirations of regional leadership.This paper analyses how China`s leadership is perceived by the Indonesian government and national media through a content analysis of government documents and media reports from 2008-2015. Thispaper argues that overall China had been portrayed positively by both the Indonesian government documents and media. However, despite this positive portrayal of China, concerns regarding Beijing?s leadership aspirations in SEA continues to have an impact on Indonesian policy. Concerns include the impact of China?s trade policies upon Indonesia`s economy, the potential use of joint port infrastructure projects under China`s 21st Century Maritime Silk Road program for military purposes,and Beijing`s territorial claims which overlap with Indonesian territory. This concern has manifested in an Indonesian hedging strategy regarding China. This strategy includes the introduction of Indonesia?s Maritime Axis initiative and the militarisation of Indonesian territory adjacent to the South China Sea. It is therefore apparent that while China is, on the surface, perceived positively there are areas of potential tension which continue to affect Indonesia`s decisions and actions."

"For Indonesia, which is keen to accelerate its infrastructure development, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is seen as an opportunity to tap into China's huge financial resources and technological capability. There has however been no concrete BRI project agreed to between China and Indonesia so far. While China considers all projects, including infrastructure projects and economic interactions as part of BRI, Indonesia only considers those infrastructure projects initiated during the Xi Jinping period as BRI projects. Indonesia has offered several broad areas for cooperation under the BRI framework and carefully selected project locations to minimize political risk for the Joko Widodo government. But no agreements have been signed yet as China requires detailed project proposals from Indonesia, which it has apparently not received. What appears to hamper progress are four key issues: the perception of China's economic domination, the ethnic Chinese issue, the Natuna issue, and the mainland Chinese workers issue."

"Tesis ini bertujuan mengevaluasi perkembangan ekspor (impor) enam komoditi terpilih antara Indonesia dan China selama tahun 1990-2010. Tesis ini juga membahas faktor-faktor determinan yang mempengaruhi perdagangan atau pertumbuhan bilateral ekspor (impor) antara Indonesia dan China. Metodologi tesis ini menggunakan baik analisis deskriptif maupun analisis ekonometri. Analisis deskriptif berupa indikator pertumbuhan, neraca perdagangan, dan kontribusi perkembangan ekspor (impor). Sedangkan pendekatan model gravity digunakan dalam analisis ekonometri. Keseluruhan bagian analisis mencoba fokus kepada periode-periode penting hubungan ekonomi dan politik Indonesia-China, seperti: awal normalisasi Indonesia-China 1995, krisis finansial Asia 1997, China masuk WTO 2001, implementasi ACFTA 2010, dan krisis ekonomi global 2008.Hasil studi mengindikasikan bahwa komoditi ekspor terpilih Indonesia berpotensi sangat besar untuk dikembangkan dalam perdagangan bilateral dengan China terlebih untuk memaksimalkan manfaat dari adanya ACFTA; pertumbuhan ekspor-impor komoditi terpilih Indonesia-China tidak berbeda signifikan dengan kondisi yang sama pada Negara-negara Anggota ASEAN lainnya; ACFTA dan krisis ekonomi global 2008 tidak serta merta memberikan dampak negatif terhadap produksi atau output dan tenaga kerja dalam negeri atas enam komoditi ekspor (impor) terpilih Indonesia dengan China; tariff ternyata memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap ekspor komoditi terpilih Indonesia ke China sehingga harus lebih diperhatikan antara lain dengan mengintensifkan negosiasi oleh Indonesia kepada China; krisis ekonomi global 2008 ternyata meningkatkan nilai ekspor nasional, namun krisis ini juga signifikan meningkatkan nilai impor Indonesia dari China; ekspor Indonesia ke China berpotensi sangat besar memenuhi kebutuhan domestik China saat pertumbuhan GDP per kapita China meningkat.

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This thesis is aimed to evaluate the development of export (import) of six selected commodities between Indonesia and China during 1990-2010. It also discusses determinant factors that influence the trade or growth of bilateral export (import) between Indonesia and China. Methodology of this thesis is using both descriptive and econometric analysis. Descriptive analysis in form of indicators of growth, trade balance, and contribution of the export (import) development, as well as the gravity model approach are used in this study. Overall part of the analysis seeks to focus on important periods of economic and political relations between Indonesia and China, such as: early normalization of relations between Indonesia and China in 1995, Asian financial crisis in 1997, China entered the WTO in 2001, implementation of the ACFTA in 2010, and global economic crisis in 2008.The study results indicate that the selected export commodities of Indonesia have enormous potential for development in bilateral trade with China especially to maximize benefits of the ACFTA; growth of export (import) of selected commodities of Indonesia and China did not differ significantly with the same conditions in other ASEAN countries; the ACFTA and the global economic crisis 2008 did not necessarily have a negative effect in domestic production or output and labor of six selected commodities export (import) of Indonesia to China; tariff in fact has a significant impact onthe export of the Indonesian selected commodities to China, so the attention should be given among others by intensifying negotiations by Indonesia to China; global economic crisis 2008 in fact increased national export, however, this crisis also significantly increased the value of import of Indonesia from China; Indonesia`s export to China potentially have enormous potential to meet domestic needs of China at the time GDP per capita growth of China increases."

"Penelitian ini memberikan studi mendalam tentang penyesuaian strategis Indonesia di Laut China Selatan dan dampaknya terhadap hubungan Indonesia-China serta stabilitas regional di tengah ketegangan geopolitik yang meningkat. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi transisi Indonesia ke kebijakan maritim yang lebih tegas melalui penyebaran informasi, peningkatan militer, dan aliansi diplomatik untuk melawan pengaruh China. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang didasarkan pada model perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Charles F. Hermann, teori geopolitik, dan pandangan konstruktivis, penelitian ini menyelidiki faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang mendorong perubahan ini, termasuk persaingan AS-China dan identitas maritim Indonesia yang sedang berkembang.Meskipun ada potensi konflik, Indonesia dan China tetap fokus pada solusi diplomatik dan kerjasama ekonomi karena saling ketergantungan ekonomi dan kepentingan mereka dalam stabilitas regional. Disertasi ini menekankan peran penting dialog dan kerjasama yang meningkat antara Indonesia dan China dalam menangani isu-isu keamanan di Laut China Selatan, dengan menyarankan peningkatan keamanan maritim bilateral dan kerjasama ekonomi. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman tentang diplomasi maritim dan penyesuaian strategis, serta menyoroti pentingnya identitas nasional, strategi geopolitik, dan diplomasi internasional dalam menghadapi tantangan sengketa maritim global dan mendorong perdamaian dan stabilitas di kawasan Asia-Pasifik.

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This research provides a detailed study of Indonesia's strategic adjustment in the South China Sea and its effects on Indonesia-China relations and regional stability amidst growing geopolitical tensions. It explores Indonesia's transition to a more assertive maritime policy through information dissemination, military enhancement, and diplomatic alliances to counter China's influence. Utilizing a qualitative approach grounded in Charles F. Hermann's foreign policy change model, geopolitical theory, and constructivist views, it investigates the internal and external factors driving this shift, including US-China rivalry and Indonesia's emerging maritime identity.

Despite potential conflicts, Indonesia and China have maintained a focus on diplomatic solutions and economic cooperation due to their mutual economic dependencies and interest in regional stability. The dissertation emphasizes the critical role of increased Indonesia-China dialogue and cooperation in addressing South China Sea security issues, suggesting improved bilateral maritime security and economic collaboration. It contributes to the understanding of maritime diplomacy and strategic adjustments, highlighting the importance of national identity, geopolitical strategy, and international diplomacy in navigating the challenges of global maritime disputes and advocating for peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region."

"ABSTRAKForeign Investment is believed can accelerate economic growth especially Foreign DirectInvestment. FDI has benefit to host country among others in: - Improvement current balance due to capital inflow in foreign currency for initialactivities and export proceeds (if any). - Reduction of unemployment rate - Increasing economic activities due to more people has more income. - Bringing an international market access to local business. - Increasing demand for domestic sources when raw material for production is suppliedfrom local market. On the other hand it will cost host country in inter-alia: - Weakening current balance in the long run if profit repatriated is generated fromdomestic market. - Diminishing local business that similar to what FDI business activities.Survey of Foreign Direct Investment flow in 1998 states that Asia Pacific still a favorableplace. Growing areas such as Latin America, East Europe will become a thoughcompetitor to Asia Pacific. Most of them remain unchanged their investment value inAsia Pacific even some will expand their investment. It is believed could initiate a fastereconomic growth for Asia countries (see: UNCTAD & ICC survey 1998 & AsianDevelopment Outlook 1999 and ADO 2000). Indonesia is among Asia Pacific country, which currently needs FDI. Since 1980 thetrend shows a steadily increasing, but financial crisis started 1997 has totally change thetrend. Now everybody believed that FDI could help to restore and accelerate economicgrowth. From investor point of view, taxation in host country is part of their consideration beforearriving to invest or not decision. Tax is a direct deduction to cashflow generated andrepatriated to parent company. Return from their investment is partly depends on taxation. Suppose MNC can make thesanie level of profit from operation, a heavier tax burden in one country could alterinvestment place to another country, which offered a lesser tax burden. Tax burden in thiscase is consisting of Corporate or Enterprise Tax and Dividend Tax. Tax burden is heavily depends on tax rate applied and incentives offered related to thatrate. There are some criteria used before granting an incentive. Those criteria could bebecome an instrument to achieve fiscal policy target. 1f one country has a certain target ofunemployment rate, then labor-intensive FDI will get an incentive, because by attractingmore labor-intensive FDI then unemployment rate could be reduced. Another item in taxation considered, as the most important issue in cross-countryoperation is transfer pricing (see: Ernst & Young survey 1999). UnavailabilitY of transferpricing detail regulations and capable persons to implement those regulations could leadinvestment into a higher level uncertainty. There are opportunities to generate moreprofits from investment on one hand and threat to be treated unfairly -means additionalcharge to investment return-on the other hand. In brief, from investor point of view they need as low as possible tax rate or maximumtax incentives to minimize reduction to their return of investment, and a higher certaintyin transfer pricing regulations and practices due to their cross border operation.Indonesian taxation in said above points shows a condition that is not conducive to attractEDI. We only apply one rate for corporate and dividend tax. It makes tax burden sogeneral and applied to all kind of investment or business. There is no specific incentiveavailable to attract FD1. Indonesian tax rate is not the highest but having applied possibleincentive could be utilized, tax burden in Indonesia is the highest. It?s beóause there is noincentive to reduce tax burden. By doing this it seems that government of Indonesia willcollect as much as possible tax regardless multiplier effect of investment. Incentive givenwill reduce government revenue in the short-term, but in the long run along withincreasing economic activities, total revenue will be higher. China has estabLished a detail transfer pricing regulations and personnel. Thailand ispreparing those. Study says transfer pricing still occuffed in China. Indonesia has not yethad those and has a high tax rate. It will push investor to do transfer pricing due to a hightax rate that they try to avoid. Government will not collect an optimum tax becausetransfer pricing makes profit in host country minimum and corporate tax accordingly."

"Buku ini merupakan terbitan karya tesis dari penulis, yang diterbikan di Universitas Indonesia. Perkembangan kekuatan ekonomi dan militer China, dan secara geografis China dekat dengan Indonesia dan Asia Tenggara akan mempengaruhu hubungan khususnya keamanan dengan Indonesia. Buku ini membahas China sebagai mitra strategis; China sebagai potensi ancaman; postur pertahanan dan alutsista China serta Indonesia; dan dnamika persenjataan Indonesia-China."

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