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Abstrak :
Buku yang berjudul "The housing aspects of AIDS and HIV infection: A Manual for health and social care professionals" ini disusun oleh Sue Goss. Buku ini merupakan sebuah laporan dari sebuah penelitian. Buku ini berisikan materi tentang HIV/AIDS.

Abstrak :
Tahun 2001-2004, angka insiden demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di kecamatan Cimanggis melonjak dengan tajam. Upaya pemberantasan penyakit DBD terus dilakukan hingga kini.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran epidemiologi DBD dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi angka insidennya di Kecamatan Cimanggis tahun 2005?2008. Jenis penelitian adalah desain observasional (studi deskriptif korelasi/ekologi). Hasil penelitian menyebutkan proporsi kasus terbesar pada kelompok umur ≥15 tahun sedangkan insiden tertinggi pada 5?9 tahun. Kasus terbesar terjadi pada Kelurahan Tugu, sedangkan insiden tertinggi terjadi pada Kelurahan Curug dengan cenderungan terjadi pada awal hingga pertengahan tahun dengan puncak sekitar bulan Januari? Maret. Hasil bivariat menunjukan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara kepadatan penduduk, fogging, temperatur, curah hujan, dan kelembaban dengan angka insiden DBD di Kecamatan Cimanggis (p<0,05). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka peneliti menyarankan program pemberantasan dan pengendalian yang sudah berjalan ditingkatkan keefektifannya dan masyarakat diharapkan mampu cepat tanggap menghadapai bahaya DBD dengan melakukan usaha?usaha pencegahan secara mandiri.

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Incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) has increased by the year 2001-2004 in Cimanggis, Depok. DHF prevention and control program has been developed until now. This study investigated epidemiology of DHF and risk factors of DHF incidence in Cimanggis from 2005 until 2008. This was observational design with correlation study. The result revealed that case were highest by the age ≥15 and also highest in Tugu. Incidence were highest by the age 5 ? 9 and highest in Curug which occurred in the early to mid-year with a peak around January until March. The result also revealed were there significant correlation between population density, fogging, temperature, presipitation, and humidity with DHF incidence (p < 0,05). Based on these study, DHF prevention and control program should the effectiveness and hopefully they can prevent the danger of DHF independently.

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ABSTRAK
Latar belakang : Robekan perineum tingkat III dan IV dapat menimbulkan berbagai morbiditias seperti disfungsi organ panggul, dispareni, nyeri kronik, dan masalah psikososial yang mengganggu kualitas hidup perempuan. Audit terhadap tatalaksana robekan perineum perlu dilakukan sebagai dasar perbaikan panduan pelayanan klinis dan pelayanan di rumah sakit. Tujuan : mengetahui insidensi dan mengaudit tatalaksana robekan perineum tingkat III dan IV di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada tahun 2011-2014 berdasakan panduan Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (RCOG) tahun 2015. Metode : Studi deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang dilakukan dengan menggunakan data persalinan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dari tahun 2011 sampai dengan 2014. Kesesuaian tatalaksana robekan perineum tingkat III dan IV dinilai berdasarkan kehadiran konsulen, tempat memperbaiki, penggunaan anestesi, metode jahitan, bahan jahitan, antibiotik pasca operasi, kateter 1 kali 24 jam, penggunaan analgetik dan laksantia. Subjek yang memenuhi minimal 7 dari 9 kriteria, dianggap mendapatkan tatalaksana yang sesuai dengan panduan RCOG. Hasil : Dari tahun 2011 sampai dengan 2014, insidensi robekan perineum berturutturut adalah sebesar 3,54; 4,34; 3,95; dan 1,77%. Tatalaksana robekan perineum tingkat III dan IV pada studi ini didapatkan sesuai pada 57,8% subjek. Ketidaksesuaian ditemukan pada komponen tempat operasi, operator oleh ahli, dan penggunaan kateter urin 1 kali 24 jam pasca tindakan Kesimpulan : Insidensi robekan perineum derajat 3 dan 4 didapatkan masih tinggi. Masih terdapat tatalaksana robekan perineum derajat III dan IV yang belum sesuai dengan standar RCOG. ABSTRACT
Background : OASIS may lead to several morbidities i.e pelvic organ dysfunction, dysparenia, chronic pain, and psychosocial problems leading to impaired quality of life of women. Audit of OASIS management is needed to improve the clinical guideline and practice of OASIS management in a hospital. Objective : To determine the incidence of OASIS and assess the case management at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital during 2011-2014 using the criteria stated in the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (RCOG) guideline 2015. Methods : A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using the delivery database in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, a tertiary referral university hosptal in Jakarta, Indonesia during 2011-2014. The OASIS management of each subjects were assessed based on 9 items listed at RCOG 2015 guideline of OASIS management (consultant presence during repair, place of repair, use of anesthesia, methods of suturing, suturing material, use of post-operative antibiotic, use of urinary catheter 24 hour after surgery, use of laxative agent. Result : During 2011-2014, the incidence of OASIS were respectively 3,54; 4,34; 3,95; and. 1,77%. As many as 57,8% subjects with OASIS were approproately managed according to RCOG guideline. Surgery performed at delivery suite, surgery performed by resident (not an expert), and not using postoperative foley catheter were the items that frequently missed in the management. Conclusion : We found a relatively high incidence of OASIS in our hospital. There was several items included in RCOG guideline that should improved in our hospital.;Background : OASIS may lead to several morbidities i.e pelvic organ dysfunction, dysparenia, chronic pain, and psychosocial problems leading to impaired quality of life of women. Audit of OASIS management is needed to improve the clinical guideline and practice of OASIS management in a hospital. Objective : To determine the incidence of OASIS and assess the case management at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital during 2011-2014 using the criteria stated in the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (RCOG) guideline 2015. Methods : A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using the delivery database in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, a tertiary referral university hosptal in Jakarta, Indonesia during 2011-2014. The OASIS management of each subjects were assessed based on 9 items listed at RCOG 2015 guideline of OASIS management (consultant presence during repair, place of repair, use of anesthesia, methods of suturing, suturing material, use of post-operative antibiotic, use of urinary catheter 24 hour after surgery, use of laxative agent. Result : During 2011-2014, the incidence of OASIS were respectively 3,54; 4,34; 3,95; and. 1,77%. As many as 57,8% subjects with OASIS were approproately managed according to RCOG guideline. Surgery performed at delivery suite, surgery performed by resident (not an expert), and not using postoperative foley catheter were the items that frequently missed in the management. Conclusion : We found a relatively high incidence of OASIS in our hospital. There was several items included in RCOG guideline that should improved in our hospital.;Background : OASIS may lead to several morbidities i.e pelvic organ dysfunction, dysparenia, chronic pain, and psychosocial problems leading to impaired quality of life of women. Audit of OASIS management is needed to improve the clinical guideline and practice of OASIS management in a hospital. Objective : To determine the incidence of OASIS and assess the case management at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital during 2011-2014 using the criteria stated in the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (RCOG) guideline 2015. Methods : A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using the delivery database in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, a tertiary referral university hosptal in Jakarta, Indonesia during 2011-2014. The OASIS management of each subjects were assessed based on 9 items listed at RCOG 2015 guideline of OASIS management (consultant presence during repair, place of repair, use of anesthesia, methods of suturing, suturing material, use of post-operative antibiotic, use of urinary catheter 24 hour after surgery, use of laxative agent. Result : During 2011-2014, the incidence of OASIS were respectively 3,54; 4,34; 3,95; and. 1,77%. As many as 57,8% subjects with OASIS were approproately managed according to RCOG guideline. Surgery performed at delivery suite, surgery performed by resident (not an expert), and not using postoperative foley catheter were the items that frequently missed in the management. Conclusion : We found a relatively high incidence of OASIS in our hospital. There was several items included in RCOG guideline that should improved in our hospital.

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Latar Belakang : Insiden Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) pada pasien coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) yang dirawat di Intensive Care Unit (ICU) yang dilaporkan dari berbagai penelitian adalah 23% sampai dengan 81% dengan mortalitas yang makin tinggi dengan semakin tingginya serum kreatinin. Terdapat perbedaan komorbiditas yang mendasari populasi yang diperiksa, serta variasi dalam praktik dan metode diagnosis dan pelaporan AKI. Evaluasi dini pemantauan fungsi hati, ginjal, serta parameter hematologi, sangat penting untuk memprediksi perkembangan COVID-19. Berdasarkan hal diatas perlu diketahui variabel apa yang dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya AKI. Tujuan : Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis insiden AKI pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di ICU RSCM dan menganalisis pengaruh umur, jenis kelamin, komorbid, kreatinin, ureum, trombosit, leukosit, nilai Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), C- Reactive Protein (CRP), obat vasoaktif dan obat nefrotoksik terhadap angka kejadian AKI pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di ICU RSCM. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional retrospektif dengan desain case control study. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di ICU RSCM. Kriteria penerimaan adalah pasien dengan usia ≥ 18 tahun dan terkonfirmasi COVID-19 dengan RT-PCR positif. Kriteria penolakan adalah pasien dengan riwayat transplantasi ginjal, dan pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) gagal ginjal yang menjalani dialisis. Kriteria pengeluaran adalah pasien dengan data rekam medis yang tidak lengkap. Hasil : Dari 370 pasien yang terkonfirmasi COVID-19 yang dirawat di ICU RSCM, 152 pasien memenuhi kriteria inklusi dari 148 subjek yang direncanakan. Hasil analisis bivariat didapatkan usia, komorbid, ureum, kreatinin dan obat vasoaktif mempunyai perbedaan bermakna terhadap angka kejadian AKI. Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat regresi logistik didapatkan komorbid (odd ratio 2,917; 95 % confidence interval, 1,377 – 6,179; p value 0,005) dan obat vasoaktif (odd ratio 2,635; 1,226 – 5,667, p value 0,013) merupakan faktor prediktor AKI pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di ICU RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Kesimpulan : Insiden AKI pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di ICU RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta adalah 30,9%. Komorbid dan obat vasoaktif merupakan faktor prediktor AKI pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di ICU RSUPN dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. ......Background: The incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients treated in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) reported from various studies is 23% to 81%, with higher mortality with higher serum creatinine. There are differences in the underlying comorbidities of the populations examined, as well as variations in practice and methods of diagnosing and reporting AKI. Early evaluation and monitoring of liver and kidney function, as well as hematological parameters, is very important to predict the development of COVID-19. By examining the predictor factors for the incidence of AKI in COVID-19 patients treated in the RSCM ICU, were there any predictor factors that were different from previous studies. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of AKI in COVID-19 patients treated at the RSCM ICU and to analyze the effect of age, gender, comorbidities, creatinine, urea, platelets, leukocytes, Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), CRP, vasoactive drugs, and nephrotoxic drugs on the incidence of AKI in COVID-19 patients treated in the RSCM ICU. Methods: This research is a retrospective observational study with a case-control study design. The data to be used is secondary data from the medical records of COVID-19 patients treated in the RSCM ICU. The acceptance criteria are patients aged ≥ 18 years and confirmed COVID-19 by positive RT-PCR. The criteria for rejection were patients with a history of kidney transplantation, and CKD patients undergoing dialysis. The exclusion criteria were patients with incomplete medical record data. Results: Of the 370 patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were treated at the RSCM ICU, 152 patients met the inclusion criteria of the 148 planned subjects. The results of bivariate analysis showed that age, comorbidities, urea, creatinine, and vasoactive drugs had significant differences in the incidence of AKI. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found comorbid (OR 2.917; 95% CI, 1.377 – 6.179; p value 0.005) and vasoactive drugs (OR 2.635; 1.226 – 5.667, p value 0.013) is a predictor factor for AKI in COVID-19 patients treated at the ICU RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Conclusion: Incidence of AKI in COVID-19 patients treated at ICU RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta is 30.9%. Co-morbidities and vasoactive drugs are predictors of AKI in COVID-19 patients treated at the ICU RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta.

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Campak (Measles) merupakan penyakit yang umumnya menyerang anak di bawah lima tahun (balita). Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus dan dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi. Pada anak dengan status gizi kurang dapat terjadi komplikasi seperti Diare, Pnemonia, Encephalitis, Otitis media dan adanya komplikasi tersebut dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Di Indonesia angka kejadian (Incidence rate) pada balita adalah 19,4/10.000 balita, oleh karenanya pemerintah mengadakan program imunisasi terhadap bayi umur 9-12 bulan, agar angka kejadian campak dapat diturunkan. Di Jakarta Selatan meskipun keberhasilan cakupan (caverage) imunisasi telah mencapai lebih dari 100 %, tetapi penyakit campak masih endemis di wilayah Jakarta Selatan, bahkan relatif tinggi untuk anak balita. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan faktor penyebab apa saja yang dapat mempengaruhi kejadian campak pada anak usia 12 - 24 bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan disain kasus kontrol (Cases Control Study) dengan tujuan dapat menjawab pertanyaan diatas. Sebagai kasus adalah anak usia 12 - 24 bulan yang menderita campak, dan sebagai kontrol adalah anak usia 12 - 24 bulan tidak menderita campak dan tinggal dekat rumah kasus. Jumlah kasus dan kontrol masing-masing sebanyak 50 anak (dengan perbandingan 1 : 1). Variabel yang diteliti adalah status imunisasi dan status gizi anak; pendidikan, pengetahuan, dan sikap ibu; dan lingkungan rumah penderita yaitu kepadatan dan ventilasi hunian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status imunisasi dan status gizi anak; pendidikan ibu; keadaan rumah penderita berpengaruh terhadap kejadian campak pada anak usia 12 - 24 bulan, sedangkan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian campak berdasarkan kontribusinya secara berurutan adalah status imunisasi, status gizi dan ventilasi hunian. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahua anak yang dilakukan imunisasi dengan status (keadaan) gizi yang baik dan tinggal pada rumah dengan ventilasi yang baik dapat mengurangi kejadian(insidence) campak. Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan untuk meningkatan cakupan imunisasi dengan memanfaatkan momentum "Pekan Inunisasi Nasional" ( PIN ) , perbaikan gizi anak balita dan perbaikan ventilasi rumah tinggal untuk menurunkan angka kejadian campak pada balita. ......Measles is common childhood disease in children under five years of age. The Disease is spread by virus, and can be prevented by immunization. For children with poor nutrition. the disease can be complicated by diarrhea, pneumonia, enchephalitis and otitis media, and these complication can result in death. The incidence for children in Indonesia under five years is 19,4 per 10.000 children, so to reduce this rate the government has implemented an immunization program for infant 9 to 12 months old. In South Jakarta even though the coverage of immunization exceed 100 percent, measles is still considered endemic to the area and is in fact relatively high for the children under five years. This poses the question: what factors influence the incidence of measles for children between 12 and 24 months in this area ?. To answer this question, this research used the cases control study approach. The cases were children aged 12 to 24 months who had measles, and the controls were children aged 12 to 24 months who did not have measles and live near the cases. The number of both cases and controls was 50 children each ( a ratio of 1 to 1 ). The variable examined were the immunization status and nutrition of child ; the mother's education, knowledge and attitude; and the surrounding environment, namely the population density and ventilation within the home. The research indicated that the incidence of measles in children aged between 12 and 24 months old was influenced by the immunization status and nutrition of the child, the mother's education and the home environment, while the factors those most contributed to the incidence of measles were, in order of magnitude, the child's immunization status, the level of nutrition, and the home ventilation. This research concludes that immunized children with a good nutrition and living in a well ventilated house can decreased the incidence of measles. The research suggest that to decrease the incidence of measles among children aged 12 to 24 months the extent of immunization be increased by taking advantage of the momentum created by the "Pekan Inunisasi National" ( PIN - National Immunization week ), that nutrition in children under 5 years old be improved, and that the public be made aware of importance of good ventilation in housing.

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Latar Belakang : Pada studi invivo, seperti indometasin dan diklofenak,, ketoprofen menghambat aktifitas enzim fosfolipase A2 yang memainkan peran penting dalam patogenesis pankreatitis. Tujuan : Mengetahui efektifitas ketoprofen suppositoria terhadap pencegahan pankreatitis pasca ERCP Metode : Uji klinis acak tersamar ganda ini dilakukan di Pusat Endoskopi Saluran Cerna dan ruang rawat inap Rumah Sakit Pusat Nasional Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan oktober 2016 sampai dengan Januari 2017 terhadap 74 pasien ikterus obstruktif dewasa atau dengan indikasi ERCP lainnya. Pasien yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan diberikan ketoprofen suppositoria atau plasebo dosis tunggal sesaat sebelum tindakan ERCP dan dievaluasi tanda dan gejala pankreatitis akut serta evaluasi ulang amilase lipase 24 jam pasca tindakan untuk menentukan adanya pankreatitis pasca ERCP. Derajat pankreatitis akut dinilai berdasarkan kriteria imrie modified glasgow pada 48 jam pasca ERCP Hasil : 74 subjek yang memenuh kriteria penelitian dirandomisasi menjadi dua kelompok, masing-masing terdiri dari 37 pasien, terdapat 1 pasien dari setiap kelompok yang tidak dapat dikanulasi. Dilakukan analisis dengan prinsip intention to treat analysis, kedua kelompok sebanding dalam karakteristik demografis dan klinis termasuk faktor risiko terkait pasien dan prosedur. Insidens PPE pada kelompok ketoprofen sebanyak 13,5 5 sedangkan pada kelompok plasebo sebanyak 21,6 8 , Absolute Risk Reduction ARR = 0,081, Relative Risk RR = 0,625, Relative risk reduction RRR = 0,375, Number Needed to Treat NTT =12 95 IK=-9-25 . Terdapat laporan adverse event berupa perforasi usus pada 1 subjek. Kesimpulan: ketoprofen suppositoria menurunkan insidens pankreatitis pasca ERCP Kata Kunci : ketoprofen, insidens, pankreatitis pasca ERCP

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ABSTRACT Background An invitro study showed ketoprofen as well as indomethacin and diclofenac inhibits the activity of phospholipase A2 that is supposed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Objectives To determine the effect of rectal suppository ketoprofen to prevent post ERCP pancreatitis Methods This randomized double blind controlled trial performed at Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center and inpatient unit in Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital during October 2016 to January 2017 among patients with obstructive jaundice and patients with other indications of ERCP. All subjects with inclusion criteria were treated with rectal ketoprofen or rectal placebo suppository single dose immediately before ERCP. Sign and symptoms of acute pancreatitis and serum amylase and lipase level observed in 24 hours after ERCP to determine post ERCP pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was graded according to the Imrie rsquo s modified Glasgow severity criteria in 48 hours after ERCP. Result In total, 74 subjects were randomized into two groups containing 37 subjects in each group. One patient in each group was failed for cannulation. We used intention to treat analysis, both groups were comparable regarding demographic and clinical factors. The incidence of PEP was 13,5 5 in ketoprofen group and 21,6 8 in placebo group, Absolute Risk Reduction ARR 0,081, Relative Risk RR 0,625, Relative risk reduction RRR 0,375, and Number Needed to Treat NTT 12 95 CI 9 ndash 25 . Reported adverse event was bowl perforation in 1 subject. Conclusion Rectal ketoprofen reduced the incidence of post ERCP pancreatitis Key Words Ketoprofen, Incidence, Post ERCP pancreatitis