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"Pemerintah membuat kebijakan pembatasan pergerakan selama COVID-19, yang menyebabkan penurunan permintaan barang dan jasa, terutama bagi UMKM. Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas UMKM, diberikan insentif berupa KUR kepada pemilik UMKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis apakah pemberian KUR meningkatkan pengeluaran rumah tangga saat pandemi dan mengetahui faktor heterogenitas rumah tangga. Metode OLS Regression digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian KUR meningkatkan pengeluaran rumah tangga selama COVID-19. Selain itu, jenis kelamin dan pendidikan penerima KUR memengaruhi pengeluaran rumah tangga akibat insentif ini.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, government policies restricting movement led to decreased demand for goods and services, especially affecting small and medium-sized enterprises (UMKM). To boost UMKM productivity, the government implemented the Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), an incentive for UMKM owners. This research aimed to analyze whether providing KUR could increase household expenditure during the pandemic and explore heterogeneity factors in households. Using Ordinary Least Squares Regression (OLS Regression), the study found that KUR positively impacted household spending during COVID-19. Additionally, the gender and education level of KUR recipients influenced household expenditure."

"ABSTRAKDengan menggunakan kasus elektrifikasi di Kepulauan Seribu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dampak elektrifikasi terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat dengan mengevaluasi dampaknya terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga. Pada Februari 2008, Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Selatan mendapat aliran listrik PLN untuk pertama kalinya melalui sambungan kabel listrik bawah laut dari Jakarta. Selanjutnya pada tahap kedua, Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Utara mendapat jaringan listrik PLN pada Februari 2012. Pelaksanaan elektrifikasi secara bertahap tersebut, secara tidak langsung menciptakan kelompok treatment dan control yang ideal untuk dilakukannya penelitian evaluasi dampak elektrifikasi.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Difference in Difference dimana Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Selatan digunakan sebagai treatment group dan Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Utara sebagai control group. Tahun 2007 dipilih sebagai periode awal penelitian dan periode lanjutan adalah tahun 2008 sampai 2011. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa elektrifikasi mengakibatkan dampak signifikan terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga khususnya pada tahun pertama dan kedua setelah elektrifikasi. Elektrifikasi meningkatkan pengeluaran rumah tangga total, makanan dan bukan makanan. Sedangkan pengeluaran transportasi turun signifikan. Dari hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa elektrifikasi dapat meningkatkan kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat yang ditunjukkan oleh peningkatan pengeluaran rumah tangga.

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ABSTRACTBy using the electrification cases in Seribu Islands Regency, this research tries to analyze the impact of small islands electrification on community 39 s welfare by evaluating the household expenditures. In February 2008, the Indonesian South Seribu Islands district enjoyed its first electricity connection via submarine cables from the main island Jakarta. In a second stage, the North Seribu Islands district also got a submarine power connection in February 2012. Since the electrification is done gradually, it creates an ideal treatment and control group for impact evaluation methodology.This paper uses Difference in Difference method using the South Seribu Islands district as a treatment group, and the North Seribu Islands district as a control group. 2007 was selected as the baseline period with the follow up period from 2008 to 2011. The regression result shows that electrification gives a significant impacts on household expenditures particularly in the first two year after electrification. It increases the total, food, and nonfood expenditure. At the same time, the household expenditure for transportation purposes drop significantly. From these results, we may conclude that electrification can increase the community economic activity which is showed by the increasing of household expenditure"

"Utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor seperti geografi , sosio-ekonomi, jender, budaya, dan mutu pelayanan. Studi ini berguna untuk memformulasikan kebijakan yang memihak orang miskin. Studi ini menggunakan data Susenas 1998 yang mencakup 205.000 rumah-tangga. Analisis data dilakukan untuk merespon isu equity di Indonesia, dengan penekanan khusus pada keadilan dalam akses.Studi menemukan 88,8% penduduk perkotaan dan 94,3% penduduk perdesaan membayar biaya pelayanan kesehatan secara tunai. Pengeluaran rumah-tangga untuk kesehatan pada kelompok yang paling miskin di perkotaan mencapai 13% dari pengeluaran non-makanan dan di perdesaan 12%. Sementara, pada kelompok sosio-ekonomi paling kaya, angkanya adalah 10% di perkotaan dan 14% di perdesaan. Sebagian besar penduduk miskin (hampir 90%) mengeluarkan kurang dari seperempat (25%) porsi pengeluaran non-makanannya untuk kesehatan.Secara umum, rumah-tangga menghabiskan antara 6-15% dan 20-71% dari pengeluaran non-makanannya, berturut-turut untuk biaya rawat jalan dan biaya rawat inap. Rumah-tangga yang membelanjakan lebih dari 50% pengeluaran non-makanan untuk rawat jalan adalah 3,63% di perkotaan dan 4,31% di perdesaan. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah rumah-tangga yang mengalami pengeluaran katastropik untuk rawat jalan relatif sedikit. Namun untuk biaya rawat inap, hampir 77% rumah-tangga mengeluarkan lebih dari separuh (>50%) pengeluaran non-makanan sebulan. Pengeluaran katastropik ini mempengaruhi 72,88% rumah-tangga di perkotaan dan 80,98% di perdesaan. Jelas bahwa penduduk memiliki risiko fi nansial sangat tinggi dalam menghadapi kemungkinan kerugian karena sakit. Oleh karena sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia tidak terjamin, gejala ini akan menjadi beban bagi mereka.

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Health expenditure patterns by marginal and vulnerable groups. Utilization of health care is infl uenced by many factors. Most important are geography, socioeconomic, gender inequality, culture, and quality of care. This study aimed at providing policy formulations evidence based in formation for RRO poor, The study is a cross sectional study using National Socioeconomic Survey data set of 1998 representing about 205.000 households. This analysis is conducted to respond the equity issue in Indonesia, with particular emphasize to equity of access (health services use).The study revealed that in urban areas 88.8% of the people pay the outpatient services from their out-of-pocket, while in rural the fi gure is 94.3%. The data shows that in urban areas, among the lowest group, expenditure for health placed about 13% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas the health expenditure accounted to around an average of 12% non-food expenditure. For the highest group of socioeconomic status, expenses on health reached only 10% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas, the highest group has spent for health about 14% of their non-food expenses. Most of the poor (almost 90%) have spent for health below a quarter of non-food expenses.In general, households have spent about 6-15% and 20-71% of their non-food expenses for outpatient and in-patient respectively. Those who spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditure for outpatient is accounted to 3.63% of the households in urban and 4.31% in rural areas. A relatively small percentage of the households in urban and rural areas used a catastrophic spending for outpatient care. Nevertheless, almost 77% of them in urban and rural areas have spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditures per month for inpatient care. This catastrophic spending has affected 72.88% of the households in the urban area and 80.98% in rural areas. Apparently the fi nancial risk is very high for the people in responding the probability of loss due to sickness. Since most Indonesian people are not insured, this phenomenon will become a burden for them."

"Using information on household expenditure from the l994Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (l 994 lDl?lS). it is found that thereis substantial variation in the level and distribution of household expenditurein indonesia. Most households in Indonesia spend more money each month forfood than non-food items. In addition. poorer provinces (as measured by totalmonthly household expenditure levels) tend to have greater inequality in thedistribution of wealth. However, in general Indonesia's is not typified by majorregional variations in the equality of household expenditure. Households withhigh expenditure levels are more likely to use contraception than householdswith low expenditure levels. In terms of individual methods, women residingin wealthier households are more likely to be using injectables and femalesterilization, which suggest that poor accessibility and the cost of thesemethods may be discouraging use among poorer women. However, implantprevalence is greater in households with lower spending levels: while pills.lUDs, condoms, and male sterilization do not have clear patterns ofassociation with household expenditure levels. As has been noted in previousstudies, poorer households rely more on public sector reproductive healthservices (family planning, prenatal and delivery services). Households withhigh expenditure levels rely more upon private hospitals. pharmacy/drugstores, private doctors and private family planning' clinics for their familyplanning care. Households with the lowest expenditure levels rely primarilyupon fieldworkers/PKLB, mobile units, traditional healers/dukuns,government health centers (puskesmas), and government health posts(posyandu). It is important to note that private sector social marketingprograms designed to offer methods through commercial outlets have beenless readilv utilized by Indonesia 's poorer households. Continuing efforts areneeded to ensure that poorer households are able to gain access to familyplanning services. primarily through lower cost public sector providers andsegmented commercial distribution systems."

"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh determinasi aksesibilitas terhadap pengeluaran perkapita dan menganalisis determinan aksesibilitas keuangan rumah tangga. Adanya pengaruh dua arah antara aksesibilitas dan pengeluaran perkapita rumah tangga, menyebabkan penelitian harus diestimasi dengan pendekatan simultan. Dari hasil estimasi dapat diketahui bahwa keinginan rumah tangga untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran perkapitanya mendorong mereka untuk mengakses kredit baik itu secara umum, perbankan maupun program bantuan pemerintah, disisi yang lain adanya keterlibatan rumah tangga dalam mengakses kredit mendorong peningkatan pengeluaran perkapita.Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa antara pengeluaran perkapita dan aksesibilitas rumah tangga di pasar kredit memberikan pengaruh secara simultan. Determinan yang mempengaruhi keputusan rumah tangga berpartisipasi di pasar kredit, menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan masih menjadi kendala bagi rumah tangga untuk bisa berpartisipasi. Kendala ini juga yang menyebabkan rumah tangga pertanian enggan untuk mengakses kredit sekalipun itu adalah program bantuan dari pemerintah.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study to identify the effect of the determination of accessibility to expenditure per capita and analyze the determinants of household financial accessibility. The existence of two-way influence between accessibility and per capita household expenditure, causing research to be estimated with two-stage probit least squares approach. From the estimation results can be seen that the desire of households to increase expenditure per capita encourage them to access credit, either banking or government assistance programs. On the other hand the involvement of households in credit market, help them to increase their expenditure per capita.These results indicate that the per capita expenditure and accessibility of households in the credit markets provide simultaneous influence. While the analysis of the determinants showed that education is still an obstacle for households to access financial institutions. This constraint also causes agricultural households are reluctant to access credit even if it is a government assistance program."

"Berdasarkan Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional SUSENAS, penelitian ini mencoba untuk menganalisa faktor ndash; faktor yang mempengaruhi ketiimpangan terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga di sektor kesehatan dengan menggunakan metode dekomposisi ketimpangan: dekomposisi terhadap komponen ndash; komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga, dan dekomposisi terhadap sub ndash; grup populasi. Kami menemukan bahwa ketimpangan terhadap komponen ndash; komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk non ndash; makanan lebih besar dibandingkan komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk makanan. Di antara komponen ndash; komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk non ndash; makanan, ketimpangan terhadap pengeluaran di sektor kesehatan sangatlah tinggi dan polanya cenderung stabil. Hal ini menandakan bahwa terdapat banyak rumah tangga yang masih belum mampu untuk mengakses fasilitas ndash; fasilitas kesehatan dan situasi tersebut tidak berubah selang periode penelitian. Lebih lanjut, disparitas ketimpangan di sektor kesehatan tersebut yang terjadi di antara wilayah ndash; wilayah peneltian sangatlah kecil, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ketimpangan yang besar terhadap pengeluaran di sektor kesehatan terjadi di masing ndash; masing wilayah terutama pada daerah perkotaan. Sementara itu di antara rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki akses terhadap air minum yang berkualitas/layak terdapat banyak rumah tangga miskin yang tidak mampu untuk mengakses pelayanan kesehatan yang berkualitas. Terkait hal ndash; hal tersebut, para pembuat kebijakan kedepannya diharapkan dapat lebih fokus kepada ketimpangan yang terjadi di masing ndash; masing wilayah/provinsi terutama pada daerah perkotaan. Lebih lanjut, Pemerintah juga harus membangun fasilitas ndash; fasilitas kesehatan yang terjangkau untuk seluruh lapisan masyarakat, serta meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas tenaga medis yang bekerja di fasilitas ndash; fasilitas kesehatan tersebut.

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Based on the National Socioeconomic Survey, this study attempts to explore the factors of health expenditure inequality by using two inequality decomposition methods decomposition by expenditure components and decomposition by population sub groups. It is found that non food expenditure inequality is much higher than food expenditure inequality. Among non food expenditure inequalities, health expenditure inequality is very high and quite stable, suggesting that many households could not afford to pay for high quality health care services and this situation has not been improved. Health expenditure disparity between regions is very small, meaning that a very large health expenditure inequality exists within each region, particularly urban areas. Households who have access to qualified water have a much lower health expenditure inequality than those who have no or limited access, suggesting that among those who have no or limited access, there is a large number of very poor households who cannot afford to pay for decent health care services. Policy makers should focus more on health expenditure inequality within urban areas in each region. The government should establish more low cost health care centers, particularly in urban areas in each region and increase medical doctors who could work in these health care centers."

"ABSTRAKPada periode 2011-2014 di Indonesia diduga terjadi suatu paradoks konsumsi kalori dimana konsumsi kalori perkapita menurun dengan meningkatnya pengeluaran perkapita dan ukuran rumah tangga. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis paradoks konsumsi kalori tersebut dengan menerapkan beberapa metode analisis, termasuk metode LOWESS, metode repeated cross section menggunakan variabel instrumen, dan metode regresi kuantil. Data penelitian ini berskala nasional dengan memanfaatkan data hasil Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Maret 2011-2014. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa paradoks hubungan konsumsi kalori terhadap pendapatan dan ukuran rumah tangga cenderung terjadi di Indonesia pada periode 2011-2014. Selain itu, kebutuhan kalori dan program Raskin berkorelasi positif dengan konsumsi kalori. Dari temuan tersebut, saran dari penelitian ini adalah pemerintah perlu menjaga kesinambungan program bantuan pangan rumah tangga, menjamin kestabilan harga makanan pokok masyarakat, dan penerapan skala ekonomi dalam penghitungan garis kemiskinan.

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ABSTRACTDuring 2011-2014, anecdotal evidence suggested that there was a paradox in Indonesia concerning calorie intake that had fallen, despite increased per capita expenditure and household size. This study will analyze rigorously the issue of calorie intake by applying several analytical methods, including LOWESS method, repeated cross section method using instrumental variable, and quantile regression method. The study uses national scale data from the results of the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) in March 2011-2014. This study find that there is a meaningful relationship between calorie intake and per capita expenditure and household size in Indonesia in the 2011-2014 period. In addition, calorie need and the Subsidized Rice for the Poor (the Raskin) program are positively correlated with calorie intake. The research also suggests that the government needs to maintain the sustainability of household food assistance programs, ensure the stability of staple food prices, introducing education on the importance of fulfilling proper and balanced calorie consumption, and applying economies of scale in calculating poverty line."

"ABSTRAKMasalah gizi ganda sudah menjadi masalah serius yang harus diperhatikan oleh semua pihak. Dampaknya tidak hanya dapat merugikan individu itu sendiri tapi juga secara ekonomi. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari keterkaitan variabel ekonomi, modal sosial dan demografi terhadap masalah gizi ganda di Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan di tingkat rumah tangga dengan menggunakan sampel studi IFLS5.Merujuk kriteria UNHCR, hasil analisis status gizi rumah tangga menunjukkan bahwa masalah gizi ganda yang terjadi secara nasional sudah bisa dianggap dalam situasi kritis. Hasil analisis regresi logistik multinomial menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara partisipasi rumah tangga dalam kegiatan PKK (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga), jumlah anggota rumah tangga dan umur kepala rumah tangga terhadap kecenderungan rumah tangga memiliki masalah gizi ganda. Selain ketiga variabel tersebut, pengeluaran rumah tangga, pendidikan kepala rumah tangga serta lokasi tinggal rumah tangga di wilayah perkotaan dan geografi di pulau Jawa memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kecenderungan masalah gizi lebih. Gambaran yang berbeda untuk masalah gizi kurang, dari keseluruhan variabel ekonomi, modal sosial dan demografi yang diujikan, hanya keikutsertaan rumah tangga dalam kegiatan PKK dan keberadaan perempuan kepala rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kejadian masalah gizi kurang.

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ABSTRACTDouble burden of malnutrition has become a serious problem that must be considered by all stakeholders. The impacts of double burden of malnutrition are not only felt by people, but also from an economic standpoint. This study was conducted to determine the effect of economic, social capital and demographic variables on the double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia. Data used for the analysis is from the Indonesia Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS 5) 2014, with the household level as unit analysis.According to UNHCR criteria, the analysis indicates that the double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia (at the household level) is considered in a critical situation. The results of the multinomial logistic regression analysis shows that participation of household in PKK (Family Welfare Movement) activities, household size and age of head of household have a significant effects to the double burden of malnutrition at the household level. Besides these three variables, household expenditures, education of head of household, location of household in urban area and in Java island have a significant effects to the problems of over-nutrition. Different pictures on the problems of under-nutrition, all of the economic, social capital and demographic variables have significantly effects on the problem of over-nutrition, except household pariticpation in PKK activity and female head of household."