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Abstrak :
This book presents a novel integrated theory within which this case study on Finland and contemporary modeling of underlying causes of tropical deforestation are developed. Finland remains the world’s second largest net exporter of forest products, while maintaining the highest forest cover in Europe. A transition from deforestation to sustainable industrial forestry took place in Finland during the first part of the 20th century. The underlying causes of this transition are compared via our theory with deforestation in 74 contemporary tropical countries. Both appear similar and support our theory.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini mengkaji alasan dan mekanisme realisasi kebijakan lingkungan hidup UE oleh Denmark, Finlandia dan Swedia dalam menghadapi ancaman keamanan lingkungan dari pencemaran dan pemanasan global melalui upaya pemanfaatan sumber daya energi terbarukan. Tiga negara ini menerbitkan kebijakan lanjutan yang spesifik dan menunjukkan progresivitas dalam implementasi pemanfaatan sumber daya energi terbarukan. Tesis ini menganalisis implementasi kebijakan lingkungan Denmark, Finlandia dan Swedia dari sudut pandang hubungan internasional dan kaitannya dengan isu lingkungan. Teori dan konsep yang digunakan untuk menganalisis isu ini adalah teori keamanan lingkungan dan konsep keberlanjutan energi terbarukan. Teori keamanan lingkungan digunakan untuk menemukan alasan mengapa dibentuknya kebijakan lanjutan UE dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi pembentukan kebijakan untuk menghadapi ancaman keamanan lingkungan di tiga negara tersebut. Teori keberlanjutan energi terbarukan digunakan untuk menemukan efektivitas pemanfaatan energi terbarukan dalam mereduksi kadar emisi karbon dioksida dalam upayanya mengurangi pencemaran dan dampak pemanasan global. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian mix-method yang menggabungkan analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan mencantumkan data statistik. Temuan dalam tesis ini menyatakan bahwa alasan dibentuknya kebijakan lanjutan karena tiga negara ini merasakan tiga faktor ancaman keamanan lingkungan, yaitu adanya ancaman keamanan dari peristiwa pencemaran lingkungan dan pemanasan global, fenomena-fenomena alam akibat pencemaran dan pemanasan global yang secara langsung dirasakan oleh tiga negara dan adanya tindakan luar biasa yang dilakukan oleh tiga negara tersebut. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan histori di masing-masing negara mengenai permasalahan lingkungan dan kebijakan lanjutan dibuat untuk mempertahankan keamanan lingkungan dan juga menjaga stabilitas pasokan energinya. Penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa kadar emisi karbon dioksida yang merupakan emisi utama sebagai penyebab pencemaran lingkungan dan pemanasan global dapat direduksi sejalan dengan efektifitas pemanfaatan energi terbarukan yang dilakukan oleh tiga negara tersebut. ......This thesis examines the reasons and mechanisms for the realization of EU environmental policies by Denmark, Finland and Sweden in dealing with environmental security threats from pollution and global warming through the use of renewable energy resources. These three countries issue specific follow-up policies and show progress in implementing the use of renewable energy resources. This thesis analyzes the implementation of environmental policies in Denmark, Finland and Sweden from the point of view of international relations and their relation to environmental issues. The theory used to analyze this issue is the theory of environmental safety and the concept of renewable energy sustainability. The theory of environmental security is used to find out the reasons for the formation of the EU's follow-up policy and what factors influence the formation of policies to deal with environmental security threats in the three countries. The theory of renewable energy sustainability is used to find the effectiveness of using renewable energy in reducing carbon dioxide emission levels in an effort to reduce pollution and the impact of global warming. This study uses a mix-method research method that combines qualitative and quantitative analysis by including statistical data. The findings in this thesis state that the reason for the establishment of a follow-up policy is because these three countries perceive three environmental security threat factors, namely the existence of security threats from environmental pollution and global warming events, natural phenomena due to pollution and global warming in the three countries and the extraordinary actions that they taken. This research proves that there are historical differences in each country regarding environmental issues and further policies are made to maintain environmental security and also maintain the stability of its energy supply. This study also proves that the level of carbon dioxide emissions which is the main emission as a cause of environmental pollution and global warming can be reduced in line with the effective use of renewable energy carried out by the three countries.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini secara garis besar berisikan penjelasan tentang dampak dari reformasi pendidikan tahun 1990 terhadap keberhasilan ekonomi Finlandia. Adapun, pembahasan yang diangkat dalam tesis ini setidaknya didasarkan oleh alasan yang ditandai dengan keberhasilan Finlandia tampil sebagai salah satu negara yang berhasil memajukan sektor pendidikannya hingga mampu mengembangkan model ekonomi berbasis based knowledge economy. Melalui model tersebut Finlandia kemudian berhasil mengembangkan inovasi-inovasi baru yang berbasiskan pada riset, sehingga secara langsung maupun tidak kemudian turut memberikan dampak bagi kemajuan perekonomian masyarakatnya. Dalam hal ini, pencapaian tersebut setidaknya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari penerapan reformasi pendidikan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Finlandia pada tahun 1990 dimana kala itu perekonomiannya juga tengah dilanda resesi yang cukup serius. Akibatnya, pemerintah Finlandia kemudian menjadikan reformasi pendidikan sebagai salah satu langkah yang diharapkan dapat membantu mengatasi resesi ekonomi yang tengah terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakatnya. Hingga kemudian setelah reformasi pendidikan tersebut diterapkan, Finlandia akhirnya berangsur-angsur dapat memulihkan kondisi ekonominya menuju pada taraf yang lebih baik. Bahkan di samping itu, Finlandia juga berhasil meningkatkan kualitas aspek pendidikannya menjadi lebih berkualitas. Untuk itu, landasan teoritis yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai rujukan dalam tesis ini adalah berdasarkan pada sejumlah teori, seperti teori cognitivism, teori behaviorism, teori constructivism, teori inovasi, teori mekanisme kausal kebijakan, hingga teori kapital yang dikemukakan oleh Pierre Bourdieu. Selain itu, dalam memperoleh data-data yang dipergunakan sebagai dasar analisis, tesis ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara mendalam terhadap informan-informan terkait serta studi literatur untuk lebih memperkuat temuan dan analisis penelitian yang diperoleh. Terlebih, hasil dari penelitian dalam tesis ini kemudian menunjukkan bahwa reformasi pendidikan tahun 1990 telah memberikan dampak bagi keberhasilan ekonomi Finlandia melalui penerapan model ekonomi yang berorientasi pada inovasi-inovasi berbasis riset, sehingga akhirnya turut menjadi stimulus bagi kemajuan-kemajuan ekonomi yang dicapai setelahnya ......This thesis outlines an explanation of the impact of the 1990 education reforms on the success of the Finnish economy. Meanwhile, the discussion raised in this thesis is at least based on reasons marked by the success of Finland in appearing as one of the countries that has succeeded in advancing its education sector so that it is able to develop an economic model based on a knowledge economy. Through this model Finland then succeeded in developing new innovations based on research, so that it directly or indirectly contributed to the progress of the economy of its people. In this case, this achievement is at least inseparable from the implementation of education reforms carried out by the Finnish government in 1990 at which time the economy was also hit by a serious recession. As a result, the Finnish government then made education reform one of the steps that was hoped to help overcome the economic recession that was happening in the lives of its people. Until then after the educational reform was implemented, Finland was finally able to gradually restore its economic condition to a better level. Even in addition, Finland has also succeeded in improving the quality of its education aspects to be of higher quality. For this reason, the theoretical basis which is then used as a reference in this thesis is based on a number of theories, such as cognitivism theory, behaviorism theory, constructivism theory, innovation theory, theory of causal mechanisms of policy, to capital theory proposed by Pierre Bourdieu. In addition, in obtaining the data used as a basis for analysis, this thesis uses qualitative methods with in-depth interviews with related informants and literature studies to further strengthen the findings and analysis of the research obtained. Moreover, the results of the research in this thesis then show that the education reforms in 1990 had an impact on the success of the Finnish economy through the application of an economic model that was oriented towards research-based innovations, so that it eventually became a stimulus for the economic advances that were achieved thereafter

Abstrak :
The book describes the wholeness of the Finnish educational system, on both structural and administrative levels. It introduces the framing factors and societal conditions of education in Finland. It also explains how the Finnish educational system and teacher education function in everyday life. The book illustrates how teaching and learning of different subjects is realized in Finnish schools, and describes the essential characteristics and methods of teaching, learning materials and research on these issues. The main features of education in Finland : (1) strong equity policy, (2) teachers as autonomous and reflective academic experts, (3) flexible educational structures and local responsibility for curriculum development, (4) evaluation for improvements, not for ranking, (5) no national testing, no inspectorate, (6) research-based teacher education, (7) teachers? high competence in content knowledge and pedagogy, and (7) trust in education and teachers.