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Abstrak :
Pati singkong merupakan eksipien yang paling umum digunakan dalam sediaan padat farmasi. Namun, pati singkong masih memiliki sifat yang kurang menguntungkan. Oleh karena itu, berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk mendapatkan eksipien dengan karakteristik yang lebih baik yang berasal dari pati singkong dan salah satunya adalah dengan suksinilasi pati singkong. Pati singkong yang telah disuksinilasi dapat digunakan dalam formulasi obat lepas lambat dan lepas terkendali. Suksinilasi pati singkong dilakukan dengan mereaksikan pati singkong dengan anhidrida asam suksinat pada pH 8 dengan penambahan NaOH 0,8 N. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji karakteristik pati singkong suksinat lalu dibandingkan dengan pati singkong dan Primogel®. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pati singkong suksinat memiliki perbedaan dengan pati singkong dan Primogel®. Namun, dalam beberapa hal pati singkong suksinat memiliki karakteristik yang lebih baik daripada kedua eksipien tersebut.

Abstrak :
The gastroretentive dosage form is designed to prolong the gastric residence time of the drug delivery system which also results in the development of an appropriate excipient. The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize co-processed excipient made from carrageenan (kappa-iota = 1:1) and pregelatinized cassava starch propionate (PCSP) in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. PCSP was prepared with propionic anhydride in an aqueous medium. The product was mixed with carrageenan (kappa-iota = 1:1), as well as characterized physicochemical and functional properties. The co-processed excipient was then used as a mucoadhesive granule and floating tablet. The USP Basket was selected to perform the dissolution test of the granules in HCl buffer (pH 1.2) and distilled water for 8 hours each. Mucoadhesive properties were evaluated using bioadhesive through a vitro test and wash-off test. As for the floating tablet, the USP Paddle was selected to perform the dissolution test of the tablets in 0.1 N HCl for 10 hours. The floating lag time and floating time were tested in 0.1 N HCl for 24 hours. The result of these studies indicated that co-processed excipient carrageenan-PCSP can retard dosage form in gastric and drug controlled release, thus making it a suitable material for the gastroretentive dosage form.

Abstrak :
Pembudidayaan umbi ganyong dilakukan sebagai salah satu upaya dalam mengurangi bahan baku impor pati yang banyak digunakan sebagai eksipien sediaan farmasi. Pati dari umbi ganyong ini perlu dimodifikasi lebih lanjut agar pemanfaatannya dalam bidang farmasi menjadi lebih luas. Salah satu modifikasi yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan metode pencampuran. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan pencampuran pati ganyong menggunakan larutan asam stearat 4% dan 9% dalam etanol 96% dengan suhu 50ºC selama 24 jam. Selanjutnya, pati ganyong tercampur stearat diuji karakteristik fisika seperti densitas bulk, higroskopisitas; kimia seperti derajat substitusi, IR dan fungsional seperti indeks kompresibilitas, kekuatan gel. Hasil yang didapat memperlihatkan indeks kompresibilitas PGTS 4% masih dalam rentang persyaratan yaitu 19,94% dan derajat substitusinya 0,0273, lebih rendah dari PGTS 9% (0,0324). Akibat dari pencampuran tersebut terjadi perubahan seperti higroskopisitas berkurang dan kompresibilitasnya meningkat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pati ganyong tercampur stearat dapat diaplikasikan sebagai eksipien sediaan farmasi. Plantation of Queensland arrowroot (Canna edulis Kerr.) has being done as one of the effort to reduce starch raw material import, which always use as the pharmacy excipient . Starch from the tuber of Queensland arrowroot is need to modificated, so the use in pharmacy can be much more. One of the modification which can be done is compounding method. A study about compounding arrowroot starch with 4% and 9% stearic acid solution in 96% ethanol on temperature 50ºC during 24 hours have been done and resulting a modified strach called stearic arrowroot starch (SAS). The stearic arrowroot starch was characterized physically e.g. bulk density, higroscopicity; chemically e.g. degree of substitution, IR and functionally e.g. compressibility, gel strength. The result shows that compressibility of SAS 4%, is 19.94% and the degree of substitution is 0.0273, lower than SAS 9% (0.0324). The compounding make some different, and the characterization of starch become better, e.g. decrease the hygroscopicity, made the compressibility in stearic arrowroot starch become increasing. The research shows that the SAS can be application as the pharmacy excipient.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tablet mengapung lepas lambat membutuhkan eksipien yang berfungsi sebagai matriks yang mampu mengendalikan lepasnya obat dan menfasilitasi pengapungan tablet di lambung. Salah satu eksipien yang berpotensi untuk hal tersebut adalah eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang merupakan hasil modifikasi fisik dari 2 jenis polimer alam, yaitu xanthan gum dan gum akasia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang kemudian digunakan sebagai matriks pada formulasi tablet mengapung. Pada penelitian ini dibuat eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 dan 3:1 dan eksipien yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi sifat fisik, kimia, dan fungsionalnya.Eksipien-eksipien koproses yang dihasilkan tersebut kemudian diformulasikan menjadi sediaan tablet mengapung dengan menggunakan famotidin sebagai model obat. Tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan dievaluasi, antara lain uji kemampuan mengapung serta pelepasan obat dalam medium HCl pH 1,2 selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksipien koproses yang diperoleh berupa serbuk halus tidak berbau dan berwarna putih keabu-abuan. Selain itu eksipien koproses tersebut memiliki kemampuan mengembang yang baik, viskositas yang cukup besar dan kekuatan gel yang baik yang cocok untuk digunakan sebagai matriks tablet mengapung. Tablet mengapung F2 yang dibuat dengan menggunakan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA 1:2 menunjukkan karakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 8,33± 0,58 menit dan kemampuan mengapung hingga 24 jam. Profil pelepasan famotidin dari tablet mengapung yang diformulasikan dengan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA (F1 ? F5) menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat terkendali dengan model kinetika pelepasan orde nol dan dapat digunakan untuk pemakaian selama 32 jam. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA yang dihasilkan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai matriks sediaan tablet mengapung lepas terkendali.

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ABSTRACT
Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum ? gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum – gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum – gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets., Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum – gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Kasein merupakan protein susu yang kaya akan residu asam amino hidrofilik dan hidrofobik di sepanjang rantai peptidanya sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai emulgator pada suatu sistem emulsi. Biji lengkeng diketahui kaya akan kandungan polifenol yang memiliki aktivitas peredaman radikal bebas dan dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim tirosinase yang berperan dalam pigmentasi kulit, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber bahan berkhasiat dalam sediaan kosmetik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat formulasi krim kosmetik yang mengandung fitosom ekstrak biji lengkeng dengan menggunakan kasein sebagai emulgator. Ekstrak biji lengkeng dapat meredam radikal bebas DPPH dengan nilai EC50 sebesar 6,58 μg/mL dan dapat menghambat aktivitas tirosinase dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 1812,96 μg/mL. Ekstrak biji lengkeng diformulasikan dalam bentuk fitosom dan dievaluasi terkait morfologi, ukuran partikel, analisis FTIR dan efisiensi penjerapan kemudian diaplikasikan dalam formula krim kosmetik. Hasil evaluasi fitosom menunjukkan diameter partikel rata-rata 382,59 nm dengan efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 65,54%. Kasein diisolasi dari susu sapi cair bebas lemak dan diperoleh rendemen 2,9% (b/v) dengan indeks emulsifikasi sebesar 357,43 m2/g. Pada penelitian ini dibuat enam formula krim dengan komposisi yang berbeda dan yang paling baik adalah formula F1 yang mengandung kasein sebagai emulgator. Setiap formula krim dievaluasi meliputi penampilan fisik, pH, ukuran globul, viskositas, konsistensi dan uji stabilitas fisik. Dari hasil evaluasi krim dapat disimpulkan bahwa krim F1 stabil secara fisik dalam penyimpanan pada berbagai suhu dan cycling test.

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ABSTRACT
Casein is a protein from milk consists of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues along its polypeptide chain so it can be used as an emulsifier for an emulsion. Longan seed has been known as a rich containing of polyphenol compounds which has a good activity as antioxidant and can act as a tyrosinase inhibitor, so it can be used as an active agent in a cosmetic dosage form..The aim of this research is to make a formulation of cosmetic cream containing phytosome from longan seed extract using casein as emulsifier. The result showed that longan seed extract can scavenge the DPPH radicals with a good EC50 (6,58 μg/mL) and also able to inhibit the tyrosinase activity with IC50 1812,96 μg/mL. The longan seed extract was formulated in a form of phytosome and have been evaluated for the morphology, particle size, FTIR and entrapment efficiency. The result showed that the particle size of phytosome is 382,59 nm and the entrapment efficiency was 65,54%. Casein was isolated from skimmed bovine milk and the rendement is about 2,9% (m/v) of the whole milk and the value of the emulsifying activity index was 357,43 m2/g. In this research, six formulas of cosmetic cream were made with different ingredients and formula F1 is the best one which uses casein as emulsifier. Each formula was evaluated for physical appearance, pH, particle size, viscosity, and physical stability test. From the result can be concluded that the F1 cream was physically proved that stable in a wide range of temperature storage and cycling test.

Abstrak :
Tablet cepat hancur (TCH) adalah tablet yang didesain untuk segera hancur di rongga mulut tanpa bantuan air sehingga dibutuhkan eksipien penghancur yang sesuai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik pragelatinisasi pati singkong ftalat (PPSFt) sebagai penghancur tablet yang digunakan dalam formula TCH. PPSFt merupakan pati yang termodifikasi melalui proses pragelatinisasi sempurna dan esterifikasi dengan asam ftalat anhidrida dalam medium berair. PPSFt yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi dan diformulasikan menjadi TCH dengan metode kempa langsung. TCH yang dihasilkan dievaluasi dan diuji kesukaan terhadap penampilan, rasa, dan waktu hancur pada 30 orang responden. Hasil karakterisasi PPSFt diperoleh serbuk dengan derajat substitusi sebesar 0,054, memiliki laju alir yang baik, kelarutannya dalam akuades sebesar 680,72 mg/100 ml, dan mampu mengembang sampai 2 kali lipat dalam waktu 2 menit. Evaluasi TCH menunjukkan bahwa formula 4 yang mengandung PPSFt sebesar 40% memiliki kriteria yang baik sebagai tablet cepat hancur. Formula 4 memiliki kekerasan 2,71 Kp, keregasan 0,82 %, waktu hancur in vitro 47,77 detik, dan waktu pembasahan 113,59 detik. Hasil uji kesukaan menunjukkan 86,67% reponden menyukai penampilan , 83,33% responden menyatakan rasanya manis, dan rata-rata waktu hancur TCH di rongga mulut responden 54,87 detik. Oleh karena itu, PPSFt dapat digunakan sebagai eksipien penghancur pada tablet cepat hancur. ......Fast disintegrating tablets (FDT) are solid dosage forms which disintegrate in the patient?s mouth rapidly without the need of water thus FDT?s need appropriate disintegrant excipient. The aim of this study was to study pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate?s (PCSPh) characteristics as tablet disintegrant to be applied in FDT?s formulas. PCSPh produced by gelatinization and esterificaton of cassava starch using phthalate anhydride in aqueous medium. PCSPh was characterized and then formulated into FDT using direct compresion method. The obtained FDT were evaluated. FDT?s hedonic responses to appearance, taste, and disintegration time in oral cavity of 30 renponders were tested. The results showed that substitution degree of PCSPh was 0.054, had good flow rate, solubility in aquadest was 680.72 mg/100 ml, and 2 fold swelled in 2 minutes. The FDT?s evaluation showed that formula 4 containing 40% of PCSPh had the best characteristic as FDT. Formula 4 exhibited 2.71 Kp of hardness, 0.82% of friability, 47.77 seconds of in vitro disintegration time and 113.59 seconds of wetting time. The hedonic test results showed that 86.67% and 83.33% responders like the appearance and taste, respectively. FDT?s disintegration time in responders oral cavity was 54.87 seconds. Therefore, PCSPh may be used as an disintegrant excipient in FDT.

Abstrak :
Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, eksipien sambung silang koproses xanthan gum-amilosa (CL-Ko-A-XG) berpotensi sebagai matriks dalam formulasi tablet lepas lambat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah eksipien yang terdegradasi oleh α-amilase dan pengaruh α-amilase terhadap profil disolusi dari tablet lepas lambat yang menggunakan matriks CL-Ko-A-XG. Eksipien disambungsilang dengan dua konsentrasi natrium trimetafosfat, yaitu 6% (CL6-Ko-A-XG) dan 12% (CL12-Ko-A-XG). Tiap eksipien dibuat dengan tiga perbandingan amilosa-xanthan gum, antara lain 1:1, 1:2 dan 2:1. Uji degradasi enzimatik dilakukan dilakukan terhadap serbuk eksipien selama 60 menit. Selain itu, eksipien digunakan sebagai matriks tablet lepas lambat dan diformulasi dengan metode kempa langsung. Kemudian, dilakukan uji disolusi dalam medium dapar fosfat pH 7,4 dengan dan tanpa α-amylase selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa eksipien CL6-Ko-A-XG dan CL12-Ko-A-XG terdegradasi sebesar 20% berturut-turut selama 10 dan 30 menit. Selain itu, tablet F1-F6 menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat diperlambat yang mengikuti kinetika pelepasan orde nol dan Korsmeyer-Peppas, dan tidak terpengaruh dengan adanya α-amylase. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien CL-Ko-A-XG lebih tahan terhadap degradasi enzimatik dibandingkan amilosa. Oleh karena itu, eksipien ini berpotensi sebagai matriks tunggal tablet lepas lambat. ...... Based on previous studies, cross-linked of coprocessed xanthan gum-amylose excipient (CL-Co-A-XG) has potential as a matrix in a sustained release tablet formulation. This study aims to determine amount of excipient that is degraded by α-amylase and influence of α-amylase to the dissolution profile of sustained release tablet that used matrix CL-Co-A-XG. Excipient is cross-linked with two concentration of sodium trimetaphospate, which is 6% (CL6-Co-A-XG) and 12% (CL12-Co-A-XG). Each excipient was made with ratio 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 amylose-xanthan gum. Enzymatic degradation testhas been performed on excipient powder for 60 minutes. Beside that, sustained release tablet with CL-Co-A-XG excipient as matrix was formulated by direct compression method. Then, performed drug dissolution test in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 using and without α-amylase as medium for 8 hours. The results of this study showed that CL6-Co-A-XG and CL12-Co-A-XG were degraded 20% for 10 and 30 minutes. In addition, the release profile of F1-F6 tablets showed the sustained release profile which follow zero-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic, and not affected by presence of α-amylase. From this study, it can be concluded that the CL-Ko-A-XG excipients is more resistant from enzymatic degradation than amylose. Therefore, this excipient potential as a single matrix sustained release tablets.