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"Cultural Heritage in the European Union provides a critical analysis of the laws and policies which address cultural heritage throughout Europe, considering them in light of the current challenges faced by the Union. The volume examines the matrix of organisational and regulatory frameworks concerned with cultural heritage both in the Union and its Members States, as well as their interaction, cross-fertilisation, and possible overlaps. It brings together experts in their respective fields, including not only legal, but also cultural economists, heritage professionals, government representatives, and historians. The diverse backgrounds of the authors offer a cross-disciplinary approach and a variety of views which allows an in-depth scrutinisation of the latest developments pertaining to cultural heritage in Europe. "

"The book reviews the EU treaties provisions governing relations between the EU and member state territories, such as the Netherlands Antilles, the UK Channel Islands and the French Overseas Departments. The book includes an overview of each of the relevant territories, including their present constitutional relations with their Member State and their legal relations with the EU. Prior to the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the over-arching Treaty provision for this relationship was Article 299 of the EC Treaty. Having traced the development of Article 299 from 1957 to the present Lisbon framework, the book identifies many inconsistencies and issues with this current framework and proposes a new model framework, one that is more concise and up-to-date and which is adaptable to possible future developments. "

"The number of different languages in Europe by far exceeds the number of countries. All European countries have national languages, and in nearly all of them there are minority languages as well, whereas all major languages have dialects. National borders rarely coincide with linguistic borders, but the latter (including dialect borders) mark by their nature also more or less distinct cultural areas. This paper presents a survey of the different language families represented in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, and the four Caucasian language families, each with their sub-branches and individual languages. Some information is given on characteristic structural phenomena and on the status and history of these languages or language families and on some of their extinct predecessors. The paper ends with a short discussion on the language policy and practices of the institutions of the European Union. Europe lacks a language with the status and power comparable to Indonesian in Indonesia. The policy is therefore based on equal status of all national languages and on respect for all languages, including national minority ones. The practice, however, is unavoidably practical: ?the more languages, the more English?."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai aktivitas restitusi negara Jerman, Belanda, dan Belgia kepada negara bekas jajahannya. Dua perspektif digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Strategic Culture Lantis dan Howlett, dan konsep Restitusi Elazar Barkan yang berasal dari bukunya Guilt of Nations. Kedua konsep tersebut akan digunakan untuk menjelaskan dan membandingkan keputusan dan pendekatan ketiga negara dalam melakukan restitusi. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dengan menggunakan sumber data primer dan sekunder yang berasal dari wawancara mendalam, dokumen resmi pemerintahan ketiga negara, jurnal, artikel, pemberitaan daring dan luring. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara tekanan yang terjadi oleh aktor-aktor yang dikategorikan sebagai penyebab restitusi dengan tindakan restitusi sebagai upaya aktor negara yang mengupayakan pencapaian restitusi. Ketiga negara kini telah memiliki landasan restitusi serta implementasi restitusi yang baik. Ini dikarenakan terdapat enam faktor yang memiliki pengaruh pada kemajuan restitusi. Perbedaan dari faktor yang terdapat pada ketiga negara adalah terdapatnya faktor ekonomi di Belanda, Transparansi dalam publikasi digital objek perunggu Benin oleh Jerman, dan komitmen restitusi Belgia yang dibuktikan dengan adanya dasar hukum. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa restitusi dilakukan sebagai pendekatan terbaik dalam mengatasi eskalasi konflik isu rasisme dan reaksi atas gerakan dekolonisasi. Negara bekas penjajah cenderung mengembalikan objek kepada pemerintahan negara, untuk menghadirkan kemungkinan kerja sama bilateral pada sektor budaya

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This research discusses Germany, Netherlands, and Belgium's restitution activity to their former colonies. Two perspectives are being used for this research. The first one is Strategic Culture from Lantis and Howlett, and the restitution concept from Elazar Barkan, which originated from his book, Guilt of Nations. Both of the concepts are being used to elaborate on and compare the decision and approaches of the countries on restitution. The method for this research is the Qualitative research method using sources from primary and secondary sources. The sources originated from an in-depth interview, official documents from the government of those countries, articles, and offline and online news. This research finds that there is a connection between the pressure done by actors that are categorized as the reason for restitution with the act of restitution as an attempt from the state actor attempting to achieve the restitution. The countries are currently having a good restitution framework and implementation. It was caused by six factors that influenced the improvement of restitution. The difference in the factors that exist in those countries is the existence of economic factors in the Netherlands, Germany’s transparency of Benin Bronze’s object digital publication, and Belgium’s commitment to restitution that’s proven with the existence of legal measures. This research concludes that restitution is the best approach to overcome racism, escalation of conflict, and reaction to the decolonization movement. And former colonial states tend to restitute the object to the state government, to expect bilateral cooperation in the cultural sector"