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"This study radically reinterprets the origins of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), arguing that conservatives conceived of the treaty not only as a means of containing communism and fascism in continental Europe, but also as a vehicle for pursuing a controversial domestic political agenda on either side of the Channel. A European Court of Human Rights was meant to constrain the ability of democratically elected governments to implement left-wing policies that British and French conservatives believed violated their basic liberties. Conservative human rights rhetoric evoked a romantic Christian vision of Europe. Rather than follow the model of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, conservatives such as Winston Churchill grounded their appeals for new human rights safeguards in the values of a bygone European civilization. All told, these efforts served as a basis for reconciliation between Germans and the West, the exclusion of communists from the European project, and the denial of equal protection to colonized peoples. The book highlights the role that culture, ethics, and memory played in the genesis of international law and organization from 1899 to 1959. It elucidates Churchills Europeanism and his critical contribution to the genesis of the ECHR, as well as that of a number of free-market conservatives and social Catholics in the movements for European unity. Revisiting the ethical foundations of European integration, it offers a new perspective on the crisis in which the European Union finds itself today."

"Skripsi ini pertama menjelaskan pengertian yurisdiksi serta penjelasan perkembangan dan pengaturan yurisdiksi ekstrateritorial dalam hukum internasional yang mencakup prinsip-prinsip munculnya yurisdiksi ekstrateritorial juga batasan terhadapnya. Skripsi ini kemudian menganalisa kasus-kasus sebelum kasus Al-Skeini and others v. UK berkaitan dengan penerapan yurisdiksi yang dimaksud di dalam Pasal 1 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) oleh European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Skripsi ini selanjutnya menganilisa penerapan Pasal 1 ECHR dalam putusan House of Lords Inggris serta putusan ECtHR dalam kasus Al-Skeini. Putusan ECtHR menyatakan keberadaan Public Power dalam kasus Al-Sekini menimbulkan yurisdiksi ekstrateritorial atas kasus tersebut. Putusan tersebut berpihak kepada perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia tetapi di lain sisi tetap meninggalkan kebingungan mengenai syarat jelas timbulnya yurisdiksi ekstrateritorialitas dalam ECHR.

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This research explains the definition of jurisdiction, development of the extraterritorial jurisdiction and its regulation in international law which includes its principle and also boundaries. This research then analyzes cases before Al- Skeini and others v. UK case regarding the application of jurisdiciton mentioned in Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) by European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Furthermore, this research analyzes the applications of Article 1 ECHR in United Kingdom?s House of Lords decision and ECtHR decision in Al-Skeini. In its decision ECtHR stated that the existance of Public Power in Al-Skeini causes an extraterritorial jurisdiction in that case. The judgement cater to the human rights protection but on the other hand it still leaves a confusion in determining the requirement of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the ECHR."