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Abstrak :
This review article gives a brief history of the classical experiments that led to the development of the embryo culture medium and in vitro embryo culture. It proposes that, in view of the outstanding and significant pioneering contributions of Wesley Kingston Whitten to the development of embryo culture medium, he be considered the “Father of Embryo Culture Medium”. Furthermore, it describes the nutritional requirements of early embryos and how these requirements with specific references to carbohydrates, amino acids, phosphates, growth factors, etc, have been utilized to formulate increasingly more complex embryo culture media. This has led to the development of progressively more efficacious embryo culture media including the formulation of completely defined and synthetic protein-free embryo culture medium. The review also describes physical factors, growth factors, insemination methods for the fertilization of oocytes and culture methods affecting embryo growth, development, metabolism, oxygen embryotoxicity and survival. In procedural terms, the review also summarizes the evolution of embryo culture techniques from tube culture to, microdrop culture under oil to co-culture to ultra microdrop culture techniques. It includes techniques of in vitro maturation and for the selection of potentially viable embryos of various developmental stages.

Abstrak :
Offering exceptional full color diagrams and clinical images, this book helps medical, nursing, and health professions students develop a basic understanding of embryology and its clinical relevance. Concise chapter summaries, captivating clinical correlates boxes, clinical problems, and a clear, concise writing style make the subject matter accessible to students and relevant to instructors. The new edition is enhanced by over 100 new and updated illustrations, additional clinical images and photos of early embryologic development, and an expanded chapter on the cardiovascular system. In addition, online teaching and learning resources include the fully searchable text online, as well as an interactive Quiz Bank for students and an image bank.

Abstrak :
Offering exceptional full color diagrams and clinical images, this book helps medical, nursing, and health professions students develop a basic understanding of embryology and its clinical relevance. Concise chapter summaries, captivating clinical correlates boxes, clinical problems, and a clear, concise writing style make the subject matter accessible to students and relevant to instructors. The new edition is enhanced by over 100 new and updated illustrations, additional clinical images and photos of early embryologic development, and an expanded chapter on the cardiovascular system. In addition, online teaching and learning resources include the fully searchable text online, as well as an interactive Quiz Bank for students and an image bank.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas tentang pengembangan sistem informasi manajemen penyimpanan embryo freezing di salah satu Klinik Ferilitas di Jakarta. Embryo freezing merupakan salah satu pelayanan di klinik fertilitas, dimana embrio sisa program bayi tabung dibekukan agar dapat dipakai suatu saat jika diperlukan. Agar pelaksanaan pelayanan penyimpanan embryo freezing dapat berjalan secara efektif dan efisien, diperlukan sistem informasi yang dapat mengintegrasikan data embryo freezing dari laboratorium dengan data untuk keperluan pembayaran administrasi. Tersedianya basis data yang terintegrasi ini diharapkan mampu memaksimalkan pelayanan penyimpanan embryo freezing. Telah dihasilkan Sistem Informasi Manajemen Penyimpanan Embryo Freezing di Klinik Fertilitas Jakarta mempermudah dalam penginputan, perhitungan, dan pengolahan data, serta menghasilkan informasi yang akurat, lengkap dan cepat terkait pelayanan penyimpanan embryo freezing sehingga mempermudah kegiatan pelaporan yang dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pembuatan kebijakan sekaligus sebagai usulan standarisai pengelolaan data di Klinik Fertilitas di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis discusses the development of management information systems embryo freezing storage in one Ferilitas Clinic in Jakarta. Embryo freezing is one of the services at fertility clinics, where the leftover IVF embryos frozen to be used at any time if necessary. In order for the implementation of embryo freezing storage services can be run effectively and efficiently, it is necessary that information systems can integrate data from laboratory freezing embryos with administrative data for payment purposes . The availability of an integrated data base is expected to maximize the storage of embryo freezing services. Management Information Systems has produced Embryo Freezing Storage in Jakarta Fertility Clinic simplify the input, computation , and data processing , and produce information that is accurate, complete and rapid embryo freezing storage related services that facilitate the reporting of activities that can be used as a basis for policy making as well as proposals standarisai Fertility Clinic data management in Indonesia .

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Odontocem® dan Biodentine®, berbahan dasar kalsium silikat. Tetapi terdapat kandungan lain yang mungkin memiliki efek pada viabiltas sel. Contohnya penambahan steroid dalam Odontocem®. Belum diketahui apakah penambahan steroid tersebut memiliki efek atau tidak terhadap viabilitas sel. Sel fibroblas yang diambil dari Telur Embrio Tertunas (TET), dipajan dengan Odontocem® dan Biodentine® dengan jumlah masing-masing kelompok sebesar 15 well. Kemudian viabilitas sel diukur selama 24 jam dan 72 jam. Hasil penelitian diuji dengan uji statistik Kruskal Wallis dengan uji post hoc Mann-Whitney. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa Odontocem® dan Biodentine® memiliki efek menurunkan viabiltas sel fibroblas pada pengukuran 24 jam dan 72 jam. Juga viabilitas sel fibroblas pada kelompok perlakuan Odontocem ® lebih tinggi daripada Biodentine® baik pada pengukuran 24 jam maupun 72 jam. ABSTRACT
Odontocem® and Biodentine®, both consist of calcium silicate. But there are other substances which may have an effect on cell viability. For example, addition of steroids in Odontocem®. It is not yet known whether these steroids have an effect or not on the cell viability. Fibroblasts taken from Chicken Embryo, added with Odontocem® and Biodentine® by each group of 15 wells. Then the cell viability was measured for 24 hours and 72 hours. The result were tested by Kruskal Wallis statistical test with post hoc test of Mann-Whitney. Based on this research, it was found that Odontocem® and Biodentine® have a lowering effect on the fibroblast cell viability for 24 hours and 72 hours. Thus, fibroblast cell viability the treatment group Odontocem ® is higher than both the measurement Biodentine® 24 hours or 72 hours.;Odontocem® and Biodentine®, both consist of calcium silicate. But there are other substances which may have an effect on cell viability. For example, addition of steroids in Odontocem®. It is not yet known whether these steroids have an effect or not on the cell viability. Fibroblasts taken from Chicken Embryo, added with Odontocem® and Biodentine® by each group of 15 wells. Then the cell viability was measured for 24 hours and 72 hours. The result were tested by Kruskal Wallis statistical test with post hoc test of Mann-Whitney. Based on this research, it was found that Odontocem® and Biodentine® have a lowering effect on the fibroblast cell viability for 24 hours and 72 hours. Thus, fibroblast cell viability the treatment group Odontocem ® is higher than both the measurement Biodentine® 24 hours or 72 hours.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Penggunaan fertilisasi in vitro (IVF) sebagai Teknologi Reproduksi Terbantu (ART) untuk mengatasi infertilitas semakin meningkat secara global. Meskipun transfer embrio pada tahap blastosis merupakan praktik umum dalam prosedur IVF, terdapat kekhawatiran mengenai hasil perinatal yang terkait dengan tahap ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor prediktor dalam mencapai embrio blastosis dengan kualitas tertinggi (grade AA) berdasarkan kualitas embrio hari ketiga, kualitas sperma, dan karakteristik pasien. Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada peserta IVF di sebuah klinik di Jakarta, Indonesia, dari Januari hingga Desember 2019. Studi melibatkan 320 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Variabel yang dianalisis meliputi kualitas embrio hari ketiga, grade embrio blastosis, kualitas sperma, dan usia ibu. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sel (> 8 sel) dan simetrisitas embrio hari ketiga adalah prediktor signifikan dalam mencapai embrio blastosis grade AA. Usia ibu dan kualitas sperma tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan dengan grade embrio blastosis. Temuan penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menekankan pentingnya kualitas embrio dalam menentukan hasil embrio blastosis. Kesimpulan: Jumlah sel dan simetrisitas embrio hari ketiga merupakan prediktor dalam mencapai embrio blastosis grade AA pada peserta IVF. ......Background: The use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) as an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) to address infertility is on the rise globally. While embryo transfer at the blastocyst stage is a common practice in IVF procedures, there are concerns regarding the perinatal outcomes associated with this stage. This study aimed to identify predictors of achieving the highest quality blastocyst (AA grade) based on the quality of third-day embryos, sperm quality, and patients' characteristics. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on IVF participants at a clinic in Jakarta, Indonesia, from January to December 2019. The study included 320 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Variables analyzed included third-day embryo quality, blastocyst grade, sperm quality, and maternal age. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that cell number (>8 cells) and symmetricity of third-day embryos were significant predictors of achieving AA grade blastocysts. Maternal age and sperm quality did not show significant associations with blastocyst grade. The study findings aligned with previous research highlighting the importance of embryo quality in determining blastocyst outcomes. Conclusion: Cell number and symmetricity of day 3 embryos were the predictors of AA grade blastocyst in IVF participants.

Abstrak :
Sedikitnya 17 juta bayi yang dilahirkan setiap tahun mempunyai berat badan lahir yang rendah (BBLR), mewakili 16% bayi yang lahir tiap tahunnya. Penyebab BBLR adalah preterm dan pertumbuhan janin terhambat (PJT, intra uterine growth restriction IIUGR). Preterm terutama terdapat di negara maju sedangkan sebagian besar PJT ada di negara berkembang. '?x. Sulitnya mengetahui angka pasti insiden NT karena pencatatan tentang usia gestasi yang sahib sering tidak tersedia di negara yang sedang berkembang. Faktor lain yang juga mempengaruhi adalah persalinan yang banyak terjadi di rumah sehingga pencatatan tentang bayi yang dilahirkan tidak ada. Janin PJT mempunyai risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas perinatal yang lebih tinggi serta kemungkinan mengalami gangguan perkembangan kognitif dan neurologik pada usia kanak-kanak. Hipotesis foetal origin of adult diseases menyatakan bahwa gangguan nutrisi pada periode kritis pertumbuhan janin di dalam rahim akan menyebabkan perubahan permanen pada struktur dan metabolisme tubuh. Perubahan ini akan meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap hipertensi, penyakit jantung koroner dan non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIIDM) pada masa dewasa. Penyebab PJT sangat kompleks, di negara sedang berkembang faktor risiko utama adalah faktor maternal berupa status gizi ibu yang tidak adekuat sebelum konsepsi, kekurangan gizi dan infeksi yang terjadi pada masa kanak-kanak, nutrisi yang jelek saat kehamilan, genetik, penyakit sistemik, dan faktor eksternal. Faktor lain sebagai penyebab PJT adalah faktor janin, faktor plasenta. Adapun manifestasi klinis dari PJT yang paling sating muncul adalah perubahan pada plasenta. Selama kehamilan normal, terjadi perubahan fisiologi yang panting sebagai adaptasi ibu untuk menjamin tersedianya aliran aliran darah yang adekuat bagi janin. Plasenta manusia adalah organ multifungsi yang menyediakan oksigen, homeostasis cairan, nutrisi dan sinyal endokrin bagi janin selama dalam kandungan sampai terjadinya persalinan. Perfusi plasenta yang tidak adekuat merupakan hal yang fundamental dalam terjadinya PJT. Gangguan perfusi plasenta yang akan menyebabkan hipoksia intraplasenta akan mengakibatkan berkurangnya transfer oksigen dan nutrien dari ibu ke janin sehingga oksigenasi dan pertumbuhan janin akan terganggu. Bagaimana regulasi perfusi uteroplasenta masih belum jelas sampai saat ini, dikatakan berada dibawah kontrol beberapa mediator yang dihasilkan oleh plasenta. Sebagai akibat dari hipoksia intraplasenta akan terjadi resistensi plasenta yang mungkin disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yang saling berkaitan yaitu berkurangnya jumlah kapiler terminal, meningkatnya vasokonstriksi pada villi karena dikeluarkannya substrat vasoaktif lokal dan berkurangnya zat vasorelaksan. Terjadi pula peningkatan kontraktilitas pembuluh darah plasenta dan pasien dengan janin PJT dibandingkan wanita hamil yang normal7. Kenyataan ini menandai adanya kerusakan endotel atau disfungsi endotel pada sirkulasi uteroplasenta akibat dari hipoksia intraplasenta.

Abstrak :
This review article gives a brief history of the classical experiments that led to the development of the embryo culture medium and in vitro embryo culture. It proposes that, in view of the outstanding and significant pioneering contributions of Wesley Kingston Whitten to the development of embryo culture medium, he be considered the “Father of Embryo Culture Medium”. Furthermore, it describes the nutritional requirements of early embryos and how these requirements with specific references to carbohydrates, amino acids, phosphates, growth factors, etc, have been utilized to formulate increasingly more complex embryo culture media. This has led to the development of progressively more efficacious embryo culture media including the formulation of completely defined and synthetic protein-free embryo culture medium. The review also describes physical factors, growth factors, insemination methods for the fertilization of oocytes and culture methods affecting embryo growth, development, metabolism, oxygen embryotoxicity and survival. In procedural terms, the review also summarizes the evolution of embryo culture techniques from tube culture to, microdrop culture under oil to co-culture to ultra microdrop culture techniques. It includes techniques of in vitro maturation and for the selection of potentially viable embryos of various developmental stages

Abstrak :
A research on the desiccation sensitivity and cryopreservation ability of rambutan excised embryo have been conducted. Excised embryo was desiccated into target moisture content of 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%. It was found that the critical level for moisture content is 20% with 60% viability, 7.431 % per etmal growth rate and 929 µs electric conduction. The excised embryo with 20% moisture content was them soaked in 3 different protectant and stored in cryotube. The result showed that the temperature success storage was on - 10°C for 10 hours with 95.7%-100% viability. Storage at -20°C the same soaking time (10 hours) gave only 10% viability. It is concluded that excised embryo of rambutan seeds will not be successful in cryopreservation.Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L) is a fruit native to the Malesian region. It has many botanical relatives including the "rambutan Irian or Matoa". Based on its storage characteristic the rambutan seeds are categorized into recalsitrant seed. This seed is unable to germinate when dried and stored at low temperature. However one of the best method known to store seeds is to put them in liquid nitrogen in a dry condition. This method is called cryopreservation and it is usually done after certain chemical have been added to the seeds as a tissue protectant. Based on this evidence a research on how rambutan seed could stand cryopreservation has been conducted. Two kinds of laboratory procedure were done. The first was to investigate on how rambutan excised embryo could withstand drying. Excised embryo were desiccated into target moisture content of 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, and 10%_ The observation focus on parameter observed were the percentage of viability, growth rate and electric conductiveness, The result show, that excised embryo of rambutan seeds were still capable to germinate on 20% of water content with 60% viability, 7.431% per etmal growth rate and 929 Its value of electric conduction. The second procedure aim to know the best protectants to be used as well as the lowest temperature that the excised embryo could withstand. The excised embryo were given three kinds of protectants, Le. sucrose, glycerol and combination of sucrose and glycerol, for 2,5,10,15 and 18 hours soaking time respectively. This lot of excised embryo was then divided into groups and each group were stared in - 10°C and -20°C respectively. Statistical analysis shows that the interaction between type of protectan and soaking time and storage at -10°C is significant for the value of p < 0.05. It was found that 10 hours soaking time of gave the best percentage of viability (with the application 100% sucrose, 96.7% glycerol, 96.7% combination of the chemical) and low value of electric conductiveness (43.33 µs, 36.00 µs and 35.67µs respectively). However the soaking time of 5, 15, and 18 hours did not give a good result, When stored at -20°C and 10 hours soaking time of the viability went down to 6-10%. Other combination of soaking time gave 0% viability. It can be then concluded that rambutan excised embryo can only be dried down to 20% moisture content without significant damage. Subsequent storage at - 20oC gave a survival level of 6-10% viability. However, a future investigation on its cryopreservation method is proposed.