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"The Muslim Brotherhood plays a prominent role in the politics of many Muslim countries as one of the largest Islamist groups. As a politico-social movement, the Muslim Brotherhood has gone through many tactical and ideological shifts over the past 90 years since its founding in 1928. Studying these shifts and the reasoning behind them can help us to understand the behaviour of certain groups. This paper studies one of the major shifts in the discourse of the movement, from the advocacy for restoring the Caliphate to the call for a modern civic state, despite the idea of the Caliphate having been one of the core motives behind the founding of the Brotherhood. This paper traces the change in Muslim Brotherhood discourse of the Caliphate through a thick analysis of the writings and statements of the prominent leaders of the group, starting with Brotherhood’s founder, al-Banna, and progressing to the leaders of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. This paper examines this shift’s degree of significance and its underlying rationale. Instead of addressing changes collectively, each change is considered individually to gain further insight into the incentives driving the major shift under study, namely the overhaul of the political discourse of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in so far as shifting from adopting the caliphate to the modern civic state. This shift in the Caliphate discourse is approached singularly, opening room for exclusive explanations that are unique to the altered concept. While a wholesale approach that treats changes as a collective succeeds in explaining the changes within some social and political movements, it ignores substantial factors and elements that are advantageous for profound understanding of the case in question. The shift in the Caliphate discourse, though it was not significant in practice, is useful in suggesting an alternative method for the justification of tactical and ideological shifts of the Muslim Brotherhood."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan identitas budaya Mesir dan Arab yang dipermasalahkan dalam novel serta mengungkapkan usaha yang dilakukan tokoh utama dalam kaitannya dengan pencarian jati dirinya sebagai seorang wanita Mesir Muslim dan masalah identitas budaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori identitas budaya dari Stuart Hall dengan melihat unsur intrinsik karya sastra yaitu penokohan dan sudut pandang untuk mengungkapkan masalah identitas budaya Mesir mengenai citra Mesir yang dianggap sebagai bagian erat dari Arab. Citra tersebut diciptakan oleh Eropa dan Arab. Pencarian jati diri yang dikaitkan dengan krisis identitas Mesir membuat tokoh utama mengalami krisis identitas untuk menegaskan jati dirinya sebagai seorang wanita Mesir Muslim. Jati diri tersebut berhasil dia tegaskan ketika dia tinggal dan menetap di Amerika.

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The objective of this research is to reveal the cultural identity of Egypt and Arab, which is problem in the novel, and also to show the attempt of the main character in accordance with her self searching identity as a Moslem Egyptian woman and the problem of cultural identity. Cultural identity's theory from Stuart Hall is used with the help of intrinsic values (character and point of view) to reveal the problem about the Egyptian image that is considered a great part of Arab. European and Arab create the image. The searching of self-identity which is connected by Egyptian crisis Identity caused the main character facing identity crisis in establishing herself as a Moslem Egyptian woman. The self-identity searching process of the main character is analyzed using positioning and being positioned from Stuart Hall's cultural identity's theory that identity finally can be established when she lived and stayed in United States."

"Artikel ini membahas tentang perkembangan sinema di Mesir pada tahun 2011-2020. Industri film Mesir mengalami krisis selama periode krisis pasca peristiwa Arab Spring tahun 2011-2013 yang berdampak pada penurunan jumlah produksi film. Selama masa krisis terdapat dua jenis film yang mengisi perfilman nasional, yaitu film komersial yang berfokus pada kuantitas produksi untuk meraih profit sebesar-besarnya dan film independen yang berfokus pada kualitas sinematografi. Di samping itu layanan video on demand berkembang sebagai metode distribusi film baru seiring meningkatnya penggunaan internet. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa perfilman Mesir mengalami kebangkitan serta kembali produktif sejak tahun 2016 akibat berkembangnya produksi film independen, distribusi film secara daring, dan kerjasama yang baik dalam komunitas film. Pada penyusunan artikel ini digunakan metode kualitatif dengan melakukan studi pustaka terhadap beberapa buku, jurnal, dan sumber resmi yang terkait. Teori pada penulisan ini adalah teori Third Cinema oleh Teshome Gabriel, yaitu Third Cinema sebagai bentuk revolusi estetika dan politik dalam film yang mencerminkan kehidupan rakyat secara realistis.

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This article discusses the development of cinema in Egypt in the period of 2011-2020. The Egyptian film industry experienced a crisis during the critical period after the Arab Spring event in 2011-2013 which resulted in a decline in the number of film productions. During the crisis period, there were two types of films which are present in cinema, namely commercial films which focused on the quantity of production to achieve maximum profit, and the others are independent films which focused on their quality of cinematography. In addition, video on demand services are developing as a new film distribution method along with the increasing use of the internet. This study finds that Egyptian cinema has experienced a revival and has been productive again since 2016 due to the development of independent film production, online film distribution, and good cooperation in the film community. In preparing this article, a qualitative method was used by conducting a literature study of several books, journals, and related official sources. The theory used in this writing is the theory of Third Cinema by Teshome Gabriel, namely Third Cinema as a form of aesthetic and political revolution in films that reflect the social reality."

"Tesis ini mengevaluasi dampak pembangunan Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) terhadap alokasi sumber daya air Sungai Nil dan efeknya pada kebijakan pengelolaan air di Mesir. Menggunakan Teori Geopolitik Halford J. Mackinder dan Teori Dependensi Sumber Daya oleh Jeffrey Pfeffer dan Gerald R. Salancik, penelitian ini mendalaminya bagaimana GERD mampu mengubah peta geopolitik regional dan bagaimana Mesir beradaptasi terhadap perubahan ini dari perspektif politik, ekonomi, dan keamanan.Berdasarkan Teori Geopolitik Mackinder, penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana pergeseran kontrol atas sumber daya air penting seperti Sungai Nil dapat berpotensi mempengaruhi keseimbangan kekuatan di kawasan dan global. Dalam hal ini, GERD dianggap sebagai usaha Ethiopia untuk memperkuat posisinya di kawasan tersebut.Sementara itu, melalui Teori Dependensi Sumber Daya, penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana Mesir, dalam ketergantungannya terhadap Sungai Nil, mungkin merespons perubahan ini dalam kebijakan dan strategi, baik dari segi politik, ekonomi, maupun keamanan, terhadap pembangunan GERD.

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This thesis evaluates the impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) construction on the allocation of Nile River's water resources and its effects on Egypt's water management policies. Utilizing Halford J. Mackinder's Geopolitical Theory and the Resource Dependence Theory by Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, this study delves into how the GERD has the potential to alter the regional geopolitical map, and how Egypt is adapting to these changes from a political, economic, and security perspective.

Building on Mackinder's Geopolitical Theory, this research elucidates how a shift in control over crucial water resources such as the Nile can potentially influence the balance of power regionally and globally. In this light, the GERD is perceived as Ethiopia's endeavor to strengthen its position in the region.

Meanwhile, through the Resource Dependence Theory, this research analyzes how Egypt, in its dependence on the Nile, might respond to these changes in policies and strategies, politically, economically, and security-wise, towards the construction of the GERD."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas perlawanan yang dilakukan dua kelompok pendukungsepakbola di Mesir yaitu Ultras Ahlawy dan Ultras White Knights dalam RevolusiMesir 2011. Dalam tulisan ini akan dijelaskan bagaimana transformasi kelompokUltras yang apolitis menjadi kelompok politis. Skripsi ini menggunakanpendekatan kualitatif. Kesimpulan skripsi ini adalah kelompok Ultras berhasilmelahirkan perlawanan dalam bentuk gerakan sosial baru. Untuk melahirkangerakan sosial baru ini, kelompok Ultras melakukan proses framing isu sosial,memanfaatkan kesempatan politik, dan menggunakan media sosial.

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ABSTRACTThis undergraduate thesis explains about the resistance launched by two groups offootball supporters in Egypt, Ultras Ahlawy and Ultras White Knights in EgyptianRevolution 2011. This paper will explain how the two Ultras groups transformedfrom apolitical groups and become political groups. This undergraduate thesis willuse qualitative approach. The conclusion of this paper is the Ultras groupssucceded in generating a resistance in the form of new social movement. Togenerate this new social movement, the Ultras groups framed social issues, tookadvantage of political opportunity, and used social media."

"Penelitian ini membahas teks drama Izis karya Taufiq al-Hakim, seorang sastrawan yang terkenal sebagai tokoh pelopor drama Arab Modern di Mesir. Dalam penelitian ini, teks drama Izis dihubungkan dengan cerita dalam mitologi Mesir karena adanya kemiripan antara kedua teks tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan unsur-unsur intrinsik dan perbandingannya dengan mitologi Mesir melalui pendekatan struktural dan sastra banding. Melalui teori struktural, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hubungan antar unsur intrinsik terjalin dengan baik sehingga memudahkan pembaca dalam memahami keseluruhan cerita. Sedangkan melalui pendekatan sastra banding, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa drama Izis mendapat pengaruh dari mitologi Mesir. Taufiq al-Hakim berhasil memodifikasi mitologi yang sangat kental dengan unsur dewa-dewi menjadi sebuah teks drama yang lebih rasional dan dapat diterima oleh akal manusia. Setidaknya ada tiga pesan yang ingin disampaikan oleh Taufiq al-Hakim melalui teks drama Izis. Pertama, pengarang ingin menggambarkan keadaan sosial dan politik yang sedang terjadi pada tahun 1950-an. Kedua, pengarang ingin menyampaikan bahwa rakyat adalah pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi dalam suatu negara atau wilayah. Ketiga, melalui sosok Izis dalam perjuangannya mencari keadilan, pengarang ingin mengangkat derajat perempuan yang sering direndahkan dalam sistem patriarki di dunia Arab.

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This research discusses the texts of Izis drama by Taufiq al Hakim, a well known poet as a pioneer of modern Arabic dramas in Egypt. In this study, Izis drama is related to the story in Egyptian mythology because of the similarity between the two texts. This study aims to expose the intrinsic elements and their relevance to Egyptian mythology through structural and comparative study. Through structural theory, it can be concluded that the relationship between intrinsic elements well established so as to facilitate the reader in understanding the whole story. While through the comparative approach, this study concludes that the drama Izis got the influence of Egyptian mythology.

Taufiq al Hakim successfully modified a very thick mythology with the elements of the gods became a more rational and acceptable text by the human reason. There are at least three messages to be conveyed by Taufiq al Hakim through the Izis drama text. First, the author wants to describe the social and political circumstances of the 1950s. Secondly, the author wishes to convey that the people are the ultimate sovereign holders in a country or territory. Thirdly, through the figure of Izis in his struggle for justice, it can be interpreted as an author who wants to raise the degree of women who are often degraded in the patriarchal system in the Arab world. "

"Revolutionary Justice narrates the power struggle between the free officers and their adversaries in the aftermath of Egypts July revolution of 1952 by studying trials held at the revolutions court and the peoples court. The establishment of these tribunals coincided with the most serious political crisis between the new regime and the opposition, primarily the muslim brothers and the wafd party, but also senior officials in the previous government. By this point, the initial euphoria and the unbridled adoration for the free officers had worn off, and the focus of the public debate shifted to the legitimacy of the armys continued rule. Revolutionary justice focuses on what happened both within and outside the courtroom. The tribunals transcripts, which constitute the prime source of this study, afford a rare glimpse of the direct dialogue between opposing parties. The books principle argument is that the rhetoric generated by Egypts special courts played a crucial role in the denouement of the countrys political struggles, the creation of new historical narratives, and the shaping of both the regimes and the oppositions public image. The courtroom deliberations perpetuated the prevailing emergency atmosphere, which helped the junta tighten its grip on the helm and advance its plans for a new dispensation. At the same time, the responses of defendants and witnesses during the trials exposed weaknesses in the official hegemonic narrative. Paradoxically, oppositional views that the regime tirelessly endeavored to silence were tolerated and recorded in the courtroom."