Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRACTThis research aims at proposing a model for designing English for specific purposes (ESP) courses appropriate for Indonesian universities. The model is formulated on the basis of the results of a survey on two research questions: what are the stakeholders' opinions on the needs to the ESP course at universities and how far have the ESP theories been implemented in designing ESP courses at universities? The survey was conducted at three universities, University of Indonesia (UI), Padjadjaran University (UNPAD), and Andalas University (UNAND). The survey involved groups of respondents from three different departments of each university: International Law, Chemistry, and Economics. The total number of each group of the respondents was: 320 students taking ESP courses, 11 ESP lecturers, 9 senior lecturers, and 9 heads of the departments. Besides, 7 experts in the teaching of English as a foreign language (TEFL) in Indonesia who are particularly interested in ESP programs and designing curricula and syllabi were also involved as respondents. The data were collected through questionnaires (for students), interviews (for other respondents), and document analyses. The results of the data analysis show that the most important skill to develop and to be the focus in ESP courses at the three departments is reading comprehension skills for academic purposes. Other English skills and knowledge of vocabulary and grammar should be taught integratively with the reading skill. This skill should be the main concern of the lecturers of ESP courses. In reality, the objectives formulated for some courses did not characterize that they were ESP courses, but general English. The data analysis also shows that the ESP theories have never been adequately implemented. The lecturers responsible for the ESP courses were mostly untrained and unprofessional teachers. A great number of the ESP lecturers were not English teachers, but subject-matter teachers who did not realize the main and specific objective of the ESP courses. Besides, other groups of stakeholders have never been involved in designing the ESP courses. On the basis of the analysis presented above, the researcher proposes a model called Collective Collaboration Model in designing ESP courses for Indonesian universities. This model shows that there are several phases to follow in designing an ESP course involving intensive and mutual collaboration among different parties of the stakeholders. They are the ESP teachers, ESP its, subject-matter experts, heads of the departments, students, and the users of the graduates. For a long-team improvement, designing the ESP courses should not be the responsibility of an ESP teacher alone, but together with the other stakeholders in a particular collective collaboration forum. "

"Electrical submersible pump (ESP) yang digunakan mengangkat minyak dari formasi, tidak bisa bekerja dengan baik karena sering mengalami gas lock sebagai akibat banyaknya gas associated yang terproduksi didalam well bore. Untuk mengatasinya, Gas associated ini dialirkan lewat casing dan di-venting ke atmosfir. Venting system ini  berpontesi menimbukan polusi udara. Karean itu, 5 MMSCFD associated  gas yang terproduksi di Anjungan Y ini, perlu dimanfaatan secara close system dengan mengalirkanya ke Anjungan Process melalui scrubber  55” OD x 8’0”S/S, gas pipeline 8” sepanjang 5700 ft serta dikompessi dengan kompesor sampai tekanan discharge 400 psig sehingga dapat dimafaatkan sebagai umpan gas plant atau fuel gas turbine. Nilai keekonomisan  proyek ini sangat layak dengan NPV positip 141,5 Juta US$, nilai IRR positip 408%, Payback time 3 bulan dan  Revenue sebesar 11,1 Juta US$/tahun.

---

The electrical submersible pump that used to lift oil from the formation, can not work properly because it often experiences gas lock as a result of the amount of associated gas produced in the well bore. To overcome this, Associated gas has to be flowed through the casing and vented to the atmosphere. This venting system has the potential to cause air pollution. Therefore, 5 MMSCFD of associated gas produced at Platform Y, needs to be utilized in a close system by flowing it to the Process Platform through a scrubber 55 "OD x 8'0" S/S, 8" gas pipeline 5700 ft length and compressed by the compressor until 400 psig discharge pressure, so that it can be used as a feed gas plant or fuel gas turbine. The economic value of this project is very feasible since positive NPV 141.5 Million US $, positive IRR value of 408%, Payback time of 3 months and Revenue of 11.1 Million US $ / year."

"Electric Submersible Pump ESP sebagai salah satu metode pengangkatan buatan artificial lift minyak bumi yang dianggap paling efektif dan efisien, semakin banyak diterapkan oleh industri minyak dan gas. Begitupula dengan PT. Medco E P Indonesia yang sedang melakukan perubahan metode artificial lift gas lift menjadi ESP untuk Blok Rimau, Kaji, Sumatera. Dalam proses kerjanya ESP membutuhkan Variable Speed Drive VSD untuk mengendalikan putaran motor submersible sehingga dapat mengatur debit fluida yang dapat diangkat. Namun, saat populasi ESP semakin bertambah, tentunya jumlah dari VSD, sebagai sumber harmonisa beban non-linier , akan semakin bertambah pula. Sehingga kadar harmonisa pada sistem ketenagalistrikan akan semakin mengingkat. Berdasarkan penelitian dalam skripsi ini, penerapan dari transformator penggeser fasa ini mampu menurunkan kadar harmonisa di Kaji, khususnya arus harmonisa orde ke-5 mencapai 61,97, orde ke-7 mencapai 75,67 , orde ke-17 mencapai 90,90, orde ke-19 mencapai 57,14, dan total harmonisa arus mencapai 58 pada titik hubung listrik PCC. Oleh karena itu, transformator penggeser fasa menjadi pilihan metode untuk mengendalikan harmonisa agar dampaknya tidak mengganggu sistem sehingga menurunkan hasil produksi minyak.

---

ESP is a one of artificial lift as a considered to be a most effective and efficient methods. The same with PT. Medco E P Indonesia which is doing transformation artificial methods from gas lift to ESP in Rimau Block, Kaji, Sumatera. In the operation system, ESP needs VSD to adjust the speed of induction motors so that can be used to control the flowrate of fluid lifted by the ESP. However, when the population of ESP is increasing, certainly quantity of VSD, as a nonlinear load, is increasing too. Futhermore level of harmonics in electric power system more increasing.

Based on a research in this thesis, implementation of phase shifting transformers can be decreased level of harmonics in Kaji, especially for harmonic current level order 5 up to 61,97, order 7 up to 75,67, order 17 up to 90,90, order 19 up to 57,14, and total harmonic distortion current up to 58 in the point of common coupling PCC. Therefore, phase shifting transformers as a choice methods for handling harmonics so that doesn't make descrease production of oil."

"Produksi gas bumi non-associated Lapangan X setiap tahun semakin menurun dimana gas bumi tersebut digunakan sebagai bahan bakar Gas Turbine Generator untuk menghasilkan listrik yang akan digunakan sebagai sumber energi sumur minyak yang diproduksikan dengan Electric Submersible Pump (ESP). Dalam sistem ESP kehilangan energi terbesar salah satunya yaitu energi hilang pada motor ESP yaitu sebesar 13%. Tesis ini mendiskusikan analisis penggunaan teknologi berbagai jenis motor ESP sebagai upaya untuk melakukan efisiensi energi dan menghasilkan penghematan konsumsi gas bumi di Lapangan X. Kemudian dilakukan penggunaan motor ESP baru yaitu Motor Induksi Efisiensi Tinggi dan Permanent Magnent Motor pada beberapa sumur dilapangan X dan dibandingkan efisiensi motor dan penghematan konsumsi listriknya. Penggunaan Permanent Magnet Motor menghasilkan penurunan konsumsi total energi listrik terbesar sebesar 15 MW dibandingkan dengan yang menggunakan induksi motor biasa, perbaikan efisiensi sistem ESP meningkat menjadi 33,1%. Perhitungan penghematan gas alam di seluruh sumur minyak Lapangan X ESP menggunakan Permanent Magnet Motor diproyeksikan sebesar 3,3 MMSCFD atau 15.755 USD/hari dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa penghematan listrik sensitif terhadap Net Present Value (NPV) dan Internal Rate of Return (IRR) namun kurang sensitif terhadap Pay Out Time (POT).

---

Offshore Field X production of non-associated natural gas is declining every year. Natural gas is used as fuel for a gas turbine generator to generate electricity, which will be used as an energy source for oil wells, produced with an Electric Submersible Pump (ESP). In the ESP system, one of the most significant energy losses is the energy lost in the ESP motor, which is 13%. Using ESP motors such as High-Efficiency Induction Motors and Permanent Magnet Motors was carried out in several wells in Field X and comparing the motor efficiency and savings in electricity consumption. Permanent Magnet Motor resulted in the most significant decrease in total electrical energy consumption of 15 MW compared to those using induction motor, and the average improvement of ESP system efficiency increased to 33.1%. Calculating natural gas savings in all oil well Field X ESP using Permanent Magnet Motor projected to 3.3 MMSCFD or 15,755 USD/day and it can be concluded that power savings are sensitive to NPV and IRR, and less sensitive to POT."

"Latar Belakang: Prosedur dekompresi dan stabilisasi posterior lumbal berhubungan dengan nyeri hebat pascabedah dan menghasilkan respon stress pembedahan. Blok ESP dan blok TLIP efektif sebagai analgesia perioperatif pada prosedur pembedahan tulang belakang. Penatalaksanaan nyeri pascabedah yang adekuat dapat mengurangi respon stres yang timbul akibat pembedahan.Tujuan: Membandingkan efektifitas antara blok ESP dan Blok TLIP sebagai analgesia perioperatif pada prosedur dekompresi dan stabilisasi posterior lumbal terhadap skala nyeri, konsumsi total opioid, kestabilan kardiovaskular, kadar IL-6 dan IL-10 perioperatif. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental, uji klinis acak tersamar ganda terhadap 40 subjek yang menjalani pembedahan dekompresi dan stabilisasi posterior lumbal di Instalasi Bedah Pusat RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta dan RSUD dr Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh. Subjek dirandomisasi dalam dua kelompok: kelompok blok ESP (n=20) dan kelompok blok TLIP (n=20). Kedua kelompok mendapat bupivakain 0,25% total volume 20 cc setiap sisi. Data yang diolah berupa skala nyeri NRS (Numerical rating scale) pada 1, 6, 12, 24 jam pascabedah, konsumsi morfin dalam 24 jam, jumlah fentanyl intraoperatif, waktu pemberian morfin pertama pascabedah, konsentrasi IL-6 dan IL-10 perioperatif. Analisis data menggunakan Uji t berpasangan dan Mann-Whitney.Hasil: NRS pada 1, 6, 12, 24 jam pascabedah, konsumsi morfin dalam 24 jam, jumlah fentanyl intraoperatif, konsentrasi IL-6 dan IL-10 perioperatif tidak berbeda bermakna antra blok TLIP dan blok ESP (p>0,05). Waktu pemberian morfin pertama blok TLIP lebih lama bermakna daripada blok ESP (p=0,002).Simpulan: Keefektifan blok TLIP tidak berbeda dengan blok ESP sebagai analgesia perioperatif pada prosedur dekompresi dan stabilisasi posterior lumbal.

---

Background: Posterior lumbar decompression and stabilization procedures are related with severe postoperative pain and produce a surgical stress response. ESP block and TLIP block are as effective as perioperative analgesia in spinal surgery procedures. Adequate postoperative pain management can reduce stress response caused by surgery.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of ESP block and TLIP block as perioperative analgesia in posterior lumbar decompression and stabilization procedures and associated pain scale, total opioid consumption, cardiovascular stability, perioperative IL-6 and IL-10 consentrations.

Methods: This study was an experimental, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of 40 subjects who underwent decompression surgery and posterior lumbar stabilization at the Central Surgical Unit of RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta and RSUD Dr Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh. Subjects were randomized into two groups: the ESP block group (n=20) and the TLIP block group (n=20). Both groups received 0.25% bupivacaine with a total volume of 20 cc each side. The data were processed in the form of NRS pain scale (Numerical rating scale) at 1, 6, 12, 24 hours postoperatively, morphine consumption within 24 hours, amount of intraoperative fentanyl, time of first postoperative morphine administration, perioperative IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations. Data analysis used paired t test and Mann-Whitney.

Results: NRS at 1, 6, 12, 24 hours postoperatively, morphine consumption within 24 hours, amount of intraoperative fentanyl, perioperative IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were not significantly different between TLIP block and ESP block (p>0.05). The time of administering the first morphine on TLIP block was significantly longer than ESP block (p=0.002).

Conclusion: The effectiveness of the TLIP block is no different from the ESP block as perioperative analgesia in decompression and posterior lumbar stabilization procedures."