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Abstrak :
Resistansi antimikroba (AMR) telah menjadi permasalahan global dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Tren AMR dapat diamati dengan mengacu pada prevalensi bakteri E. coli yang memproduksi enzim ESBL Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL-Ec). Menurut panduan WHO berjudul Global Tricycle Surveillance ESBL-Ec, sektor peternakan merupakan salah satu sumber pencemar ESBL-Ec. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel air dari Sungai Ciliwung yang terkontaminasi oleh limbah peternakan A (titik A) dan limbah peternakan B (titik B). Bakteri E. coli dan ESBL-Ec dihitung dengan menggunakan teknik membran filtrasi dan spread plate pada media TBX dan TBX-CTX. Aktivitas ESBL dilakukan dengan uji konfirmasi melalui antibiotic susceptibility test metode Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Karakterisasi gen CTX-M pada ESBL-Ec dilakukan dengan metode PCR dan gel elektroforesis. Konsentrasi bakteri E. coli di titik A dan titik B (8,3± 0,02) × 104 CFU/100 mL dan (8,4 ± 0,75) × 104 CFU/100 mL. Adapun untuk konsentrasi ESBL-Ec terkonfirmasi pada titik A dan titik B adalah (1,5 ± 0,16) × 103 CFU/100 mL dan (8,8 ± 1,2) × 102 CFU/100 mL. Rasio ESBL-Ec terhadap E. coli untuk titik A dan B adalah 1,86% dan 1,04%. Gen yang teridentifikasi pada ESBL-Ec untuk semua sampel merupakan CTX-M grup 1 meliputi blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3, dan blaCTX-M-15. Keberadaan ESBL-Ec pada studi ini indikator bahwa sektor peternakan menjadi sumber pencemar di perairan. ESBL-Ec pada sungai berpotensi mengontaminasi manusia dan lingkungan di sekitarnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penanganan seperti perluasan kontrol penggunaan antibiotik, pengelolaan limbah peternakan, dan revitalisasi saluran drainase. ......Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global problem in recent years. AMR surveillance can be done by analyzing prevalence of E. coli bacteria that produce Extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes (ESBL-Ec). According to the WHO Global Tricycle Surveillance ESBL-Ec, the livestock sector is one of the sources of ESBL-Ec contaminants. This study was conducted by collecting water samples from two sides of the Ciliwung River contaminated by livestock waste (sample A and B) . E. coli and ESBL-Ec bacteria were counted using membrane filtration and spread plate techniques on TBX and TBX-CTX media, respectively. ESBL activity was confirmed by antibiotic susceptibility test using Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) method. CTX-M gene prevalence in ESBL-Ec was characterized by PCR method. The concentrations of E. coli and ESBL-Ec in sample A and B were (8,3± 0,02) × 104 CFU/100 mL and (8,4 ± 0,75) × 104 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Whereas the confirmed ESBL-Ec concentrations in sample AN and B were (1,5 ± 0,16) × 103 CFU/100 mL and (8,8 ± 1,2) × 102 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Ratio of ESBL-Ec to E. coli were calculated and it was found to be 1.86% and 1.04% for sample A and B, respectively. The genes identified in ESBL-Ec were CTX-M group 1, including blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3, and blaCTX-M-15. The presence of ESBL-Ec in this study indicated that the livestock sector is one of the sources of water pollution. ESBL-Ec in rivers has the potential to contaminate humans and the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is necessary to do prevention measures, such as controlling antibiotics usage, managing livestock waste, and revitalizing drainage channels.

Abstrak :
Resistensi antibiotik terjadi karena adanya penyalahgunaan antibiotik. Salah satu dari dampak resistensi antibiotik adalah produksi enzim ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) pada bakteri. WHO menciptakan tricycle protocol untuk pengawasan global pada bakteri E.coli penghasil ESBL (ESBL-Ec) salah satunya di lingkungan. Penelitian ini memilih objek studi air drainase dan air sungai di Kawasan DKI Jakarta berdasarkan standar ekonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis konsentrasi E.coli, ESBL-Ec, rasio ESBL-Ec terhadap E.coli, dan pengaruh lokasi pengambilan sampel terhadap konsentrasi E. coli dan ESBL-Ec. Metode prevalensi E.coli dan ESBL-Ec dilakukan dengan metode spread plate dan antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan rata-rata konsentrasi E.coli kategori menengah atas sebesar 4,8x106 CFU/100 mL, menengah sebesar 3,9x106CFU/100 mL, dan menengah bawah sebesar 6,5x106 CFU/100 mL dengan nilai konsentrasi terbesar 9,1x106 CFU/100 mL pada kategori menengah bawah. Rasio ESBL-Ec terhadap E.coli pada setiap sampel berada diangka 0,74%-12,24%. Terdapat tiga lokasi yang tidak ditemukan konfirmasi ESBL-Ec sehingga rasio 0%. Lokasi pengambilan sampel mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya konsentrasi E.coli dan ESBL-Ec terutama lokasi sampel dengan kategori menengah bawah yang memiliki kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi dan sanitasi yang rendah. Masih adanya prevalensi ESBL-Ec di DKI Jakarta menunjukkan perlu adanya pengawasan penggunaan antibiotik oleh fasilitas kesehatan dan peningkatan sanitasi masyarakat seperti penyuluhan kepada masyarakat demi kesehatan dan keamanan. ......Antibiotic resistance occurs due to the misuse of antibiotics. One of the impacts of antibiotic resistance is the production of ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) enzymes in bacteria. WHO has established the tricycle protocol for global surveillance of ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) bacteria, including in the environment. This study selected drainage water and river water in the Jakarta area based on economic standards as the study objects. The aim of this research is to analyze the concentration of E. coli, ESBL-Ec, the ratio of ESBL-Ec to E. coli, and the effect of sampling locations on the concentration of E. coli and ESBL-Ec. The prevalence method for E. coli and ESBL-Ec was conducted using the spread plate method and antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). The test results showed the average concentration of E. coli in the upper-middle category was 4.8×106 CFU/100 mL, middle category was 3.9×106 CFU/100 mL, and lower-middle category was 6.5×106CFU/100 mL, with the highest concentration value of 9.1×106CFU/100 mL in the lower-middle category. The ratio of ESBL-Ec to E. coli in each sample ranged from 0.74% to 12.24%. There were three locations where ESBL-Ec was not detected, resulting in a 0% ratio. The sampling location influenced the concentration of E. coli and ESBL-Ec, particularly in lower-middle category locations with high population density and poor sanitation. The continued prevalence of ESBL-Ec in Jakarta indicates the need for monitoring antibiotic use in medical facility and improving community sanitation for public health and safety.

Abstrak :
Antimicrobial Resistance Bacteria (AMRB) adalah kondisi di mana bakteri, parasit, virus atau jamur penyebab infeksi menjadi kebal terhadap obat yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) termasuk salah satu contoh bakteri yang mampu menghasilkan enzim yang membuatnya resistan terhadap banyak antibiotik yang umum digunakan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut WHO telah menetapkan pengawasan global tricyle project yang berfokus pada ESBL-Ec. Salah satunya adalah Sungai Ciliwung pada bagian hilir dimana lokasi tersebut merupakan kawasan padat penduduk, perbelanjaan, dan perdagangan terbesar di Jakarta Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi E. coli, konsentrasi ESBL-Ec, rasio konsentrasi serta mengkarakterisasi gen terhadap antibiotik cefotaxime (bla_CTX-M) pada E. coli. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan direct one-step spread plate method menggunakan media Tryptone-Bile-X-Glucuronide (TBX) agar, dilakukan pengujian secara fenotipe Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) dengan metode Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Serta, mengkarakterisasi gen ESBL bla_CTX-M dengan metode multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) kemudian divisualisasikan menggunakan elektroforesis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan konsentrasi E. coli untuk sampel hilir A sebesar sebesar (1,3 ± 0,02) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL dengan konsentrasi ESBL-Ec sebesar (3,5 ± 1,09) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Sedangkan, konsentrasi E. coli untuk sampel hilir B sebesar (0,9 ± 0,18) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL dengan konsentrasi ESBL-Ec sebesar (4,1 ± 0,3) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Hasil rasio ESBL-Ec pada hilir Sungai Ciliwung di titik hilir A sebesar 26,48%, sedangkan rasio ESBL-Ec pada hilir B sebesar 45,83%. Rasio ini masuk kategori yang tinggi dimana jika dibandingkan dengan RAN-PRA sebesar 14% untuk sektor lingkungan. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi gen terdeteksi gen positif bla_CTX-M  sebanyak 9 dari 10 sampel (90%) pada titik hilir A. Sedangkan untuk titik hilir B terdeteksi gen positif bla_CTX-M  sebanyak 10 dari 10 sampel (100%). Semua sampel yang terdeteksi isolat penghasil EBL merupakan jenis bla_CTX-M grup 1 dimana gen tersebut terdiri atas jenis gen blaCTX-M-1, gen blaCTX-M-3, dan gen blaCTX-M-15. Berdasarkan prevalensi konsentrasi ESBL-Ec pada titik hilir Sungai Ciliwung menjadi isu-isu yang penting terhadap pencemaran lingkungan oleh AMRB. Perlu adanya tindakan pencegahan penyebaran ESBL-Ec dengan melakukan peningkatan personal higiene dan manajemen air bersih, peningkatan kontrol penggunaan dan pengawasan antibiotik, penegakkan penjualan antibiotik illegal di e-commerce, perketatan dan kebijakan usaha dalam pembuangan limbah industri, dan peningkatan cakupan pelayanan IPAL domestik. ...... Antimicrobial Resistance Bacteria (AMRB) is a condition in which infection-causing bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi become resistant to the drugs used to treat the infection. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) is one example of a bacterium capable of producing an enzyme that makes it resistant to many commonly used antibiotics. Based on this, WHO has established a global surveillance tricyle project that focuses on ESBL-Ec. One of them is the Ciliwung River at the downstream where the location is the largest densely populated, shopping and trading area in North Jakarta. This study aims to analyze the concentration of E. coli, ESBL-Ec concentration, concentration ratio and characterize genes against cefotaxime antibiotics (bla_CTX-M) in E. Coli. The method used in this study was one-step spread plate method using Tryptone-Bile-X-Glucuronide (TBX) agar media, phenotypically testing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) with Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) method. Also, characterize the ESBL bla_CTX-M gene by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and then visualized using electrophoresis. The test results showed E. coli concentration for downstream sample A of (1,3 ± 0,02) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL with ESBL-Ec concentration of (3,5 ± 1,09) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Meanwhile, the average E. coli concentration for downstream B samples was (0,9 ± 0,18) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL with ESBL-Ec concentration of (4,1 ± 0,3) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. The results of the ESBL-Ec ratio in the downstream Ciliwung River at downstream point A amounted to 26.48%, while the ESBL-Ec ratio in downstream B amounted to 45.83%. This ratio is categorized as high when compared to the RAN-PRA of 14% for the environmental sector. Based on the results of gene characterization, the bla_CTX-M positive gene was detected in 9 out of 10 samples (90%) at downstream point A. As for the downstream point B, positive bla_CTX-M genes were detected in 10 out of 10 samples (100%). All samples detected EBL-producing isolates are group 1 bla_CTX-M types where the gene consists of the blaCTX-M-1 gene, blaCTX-M-3 gene, and blaCTX-M-15 gene. Based on the prevalence of ESBL-Ec concentrations at the downstream point of the Ciliwung River, it becomes an important issue for environmental pollution by AMRB. Improved personal hygiene and clean water management, improved antibiotic use control and surveillance, enforcement of illegal antibiotic sales in e-commerce, tightening and business policies in industrial waste disposal, and increasing the coverage of domestik WWTP services.

Abstrak :
The study examines the 250 CEOs? leadership style in adoption of electronic commerce (EC) among Bruneian SMEs. The study uses Bolman and Deals? instrument to measure the leadership frames and found that majority (70%) of the leadersare practicing all four frames and considered as effective leaders. Both human and symbolic (paired) frames of leadership remains dominant.In addition, structural, human resource and symbolic frames are ranked highest among the multiple (three) frames used. However, paired leadership frames (human and symbolic) were found to be significantpredictor of EC adoption among Bruneian SMEs. Based upon the analysis and conclusion some recommendations were made for the relevant authorities.

Abstrak :
Berdasarkan penelitian Suherman et al, prevalensi gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) di Indonesia sudah mencapai angka yang cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 27,4 % pada tahun 2016. GERD merupakan penyakit yang tidak mematikan tetapi akan menyebabkan penyakit yang sangat serius jika tidak ditangani dengan baik. Tantangan pada obat yang digunakan dalam pengobatan GERD saat ini adalah efek samping, gastric retention time yang singkat, dan bioavaibilitas yang rendah. Oleh sebab itu, pembuatan mikropartikel terapung dengan kandungan ekstrak Moringa oleifera merupakan solusi yang tepat. Mikropartikel yang mengandung ekstrak Moringa oleifera akan dibuat menggunakan metode non-solvent evaporation method dengan memanfaatkan polimer yang memiliki densitas rendah seperti HPMC K4M dan EC sehingga didapatkan mikropartikel terbaik yaitu, D1H4 dengan yield (95,2%), nilai ekstrak dalam mikropartikel (0,058 mgQE/g ekstrak), entrapment efficiency (1,16%), loading capacity (1,21%), %rilis kumulatif flavonoid (jam 24, 21,87%), dan kemampuan mengapung (1 jam) yang baik. Selain itu, mikropartikel alginat dengan kandingan natrium bikarbonat dan ekstrak Moringa oleifera melalui ionotropic gelation method akan didapatkan mikropartikel terbaik yaitu, D4X4A10 dengan freeze dried yang memiliki nilai yield (151,82%), nilai ekstrak dalam mikropartikel (0,057 mgQE/g ekstrak), entrapment efficiency (2,85%), loading capacity (0,61%), %rilis kumulatif flavonoid (jam 24, 33,875%) , dan kemampuan mengapung (90%, 8 jam) yang baik. Karakteristik mikropartikel lainnya seperti scanning electron microscopy (SEM) dan ukuran mikropartikel diukur melalui pengujian. ......According to research by Suherman et al., the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) had reached a rather high percentage which is 27.4% in 2016. GERD is not a life-threatening disease however proper handling of GERD will reduce the possibility of developing other chronic disease associated with GERD. Challenge in designing drugs as a treatment for GERD are the side effects, brief gastric retention time, and low bioavailability. Thus, floating microparticles containing Moringa oleifera extract is the right solution to overcome the challenges. Microparticles containing Moringa oleifera extract will be constructed by non-solvent evaporation method by utilizing low-density polymers such as HPMC K4M and EC resulting D1H4 as the best formulation with characteristics, yield (95,2%), extract in particles (0,058 mgQE/g ekstrak), entrapment efficiency (1,16%), loading capacity (1,21%), % flavonoid cumulative release (jam 24, 21,87%), and floating capacity (1 hr). In addition, microparticles made by ionotropic gelation methods using alginate in entrapping Moringa oleifera extract and sodium bicarbonate are used as an additional treatment for gastric acid neutralization resulting freezed dryed microparticles D4X4A10 with characteristics yield (151,82%), extract in particles (0,057 mgQE/g ekstrak), entrapment efficiency (2,85%), loading capacity (0,61%), % flavonoid cumulative release (jam 24, 33,875%) , dan floating capacity (90%, 8 hr). Other characteristics of the microparticles such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microparticle size will also be determined.

Abstrak :
This article explains the main competition rules in European Community in general. The basic norm of competition rule in European Community (EC) is determined in article 3 (g) EC Treaty. Article 3 (g) provide that "the institution of a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted". To ensure workable competition in EC were set out in article 81 and 82 EC Treaty the Competition rule. Article 81 (1) prohibits as incompatible with common market, collusion between undertakings that may affect trade member states and has the object or effect of restricting competition within the common market. But not all agreements that perceptibly restrict competition and may effect inter-state trade are prohibited. Some forms of collaboration restrictive of competition may have beneficial effects and are capable exemption by the Commission. By virtue of article 81 (3) the prohibition in article 81 (1) may be declared inapplicable to any agreements or category of agreements provided that they have certain characteristics. This article will elaborate the prohibition of article 81 (1) and the exemption of article 81 (3) and as well the abuse of dominant position of article 82 EC Treaty.

Abstrak :
This paper explores major dispute cases on issues of human life and health handled by wto panels and appellate body.....

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawa ester gliserol oleat serta ester gliserol asam lemak hasil hidrolisis minyak jarak menggunakan enzim lipase Candida rugosa dalam pelarut n-heksana. Dilakukan pula optimasi reaksi melalui perbandingan mol asam lemak:gliserol, yaitu 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, dan 1:4. Persen konversi tertinggi diperoleh pada perbandingan mol asam lemak:gliserol 1:4 dengan nilai persen konversi 86,26 ester gliserol oleat dan 92,32 untuk ester gliserol asam lemak hasil hidrolisis minyak jarak. Produk esterifikasi dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen FTIR. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan adanya gugus identik C=O ester pada bilangan gelombang 1748,25 cm-1 dan 1735,37 cm-1 berturut-turut untuk ester gliserol oleat dan ester gliserol asam lemak. Kedua ester kemudian diuji emulsifier dan antimikroba untuk membuktikan adanya sifat emulsifier dan aktivitas antimikroba. Hasil dari uji emulsifier menunjukkan bahwa tipe emulsi dari kedua jenis ester tersebut adalah air dalam minyak. Uji aktivitas antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa ester gliserol asam lemak hasil hidrolisis pada konsentrasi 80 w/w memiliki aktivitas inhibisi yang paling kuat terhadap Propionibacterium acne dan Staphylococcus epidermidis, sedangkan ester gliserol oleat tidak menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antimikroba terhadap kedua bakteri uji.

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In this study, synthesis of glycerol ester oleic and glycerol ester castor oil fatty acid using lipase Candida rugosa in n hexane solvent was carried out. Optimization reaction was also carried out through mol ratio variation of fatty acid glycerol, 1 1, 1 2, 1 3, and 1 4. The highest conversion percentage obtained at the mole ratio 1 4, which valued 86,26 for glycerol ester oleic and 92,32 for glycerol ester castor oil fatty acid. The esterification products were characterized by FTIR instrument. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of identical group of C O ester at wave number 1748,25 cm 1 and 1735,37 cm 1 for glycerol ester oleic and glycerol ester castor oil fatty acid, respectively. Both esters were then examined by emulsifier and antimicrobial test to prove the ability of emulsifying and its antibacterial activity. The results of the emulsifier test turn that the emulsion type of both esters are oil in water. The antibacterial activity test indicate that ester glycerol castor oil fatty acid at 80 concentration w w performed strongest inhibition activity against propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis, while glycerol ester oleic had no activity against both bacteria.