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Abstrak :

Pohon tengkawang (Shorea stenoptera) merupakan tumbuhan indigenous hutan Kalimantan yang memiliki potensi besar. Lemak biji pohon tengkawang memiliki potensi sebagai sumber alternatif lemak nabati karena memiliki kadar trigliserida yang tinggi. Lemak tengkawang yang umumnya diproduksi secara tradisional, memiliki kualitas di bawah standar bahan kosmetik yaitu memiliki kadar asam lemak bebas di atas 5% dan banyak pengotor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi operasi optimum pada proses degumming, netralisasi, dan bleaching sehingga memiliki kualitas sesuai standar SNI. Proses degumming  menggunakan asam fosfat 1 %; proses netralisasi  menggunakan NaOH 1 M dengan variasi 5, 7,5 dan 10 %; proses bleaching  menggunakan variasi aktivasi termal dan aktivasi asam dengan kadar 1% dan 5%.  Proses netralisasi dengan NaOH 10% menurunkan angka asam hingga 3,29 dari 11 mg NaOH/g. Bilangan peroksida diturunkan hingga 2,45 dan 2,40 untuk tengkawang Nanga Yen dan Sintang dari 9,43 dan 14,53 mek O₂/Kg. Bilangan Iodin berada pada rentang 29 – 32 mg I₂/100 g. Kandungan (%) asam palmitat; asam stearat; dan asam oleat masing – masing  19,710; 44,267; dan 31,894 %  untuk tengkawang Nanga Yen dan 19,687; 42,430; dan 31,409 %  untuk tengkawang Sintang. Nilai luas permukaan spesifik (m²/g) dan ukuran partikel (nm) sebagai berikut 82.27 dan 1248.3 untuk bentonite alam, 92.21 dan 1374.5 untuk bentonite komersial, 131.08 dan 1351.0 untuk bentonite aktivasi termal, 230.82 dan 1428.5 untuk bentonite aktivasi asam. Nilai SPF dari Tengkawang (Nanga Yen dan Sintang) berada pada rentang 4 – 9, sedangkan Shea butter pada rentang 12 – 19.

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Tengkawang tree (Shorea stenoptera) is an indigenous plant of Kalimantan forest that has great potential. Tengkawang tree seed fat has potential as an alternative source of vegetable fat because it has high triglyceride contents. Tengkawang fat, which is generally produced traditionally, has a quality below the standard of cosmetic ingredients, which has free fatty acid levels above 5% and many impurities contents. This study aims to obtain optimum operating conditions in the process of degumming, neutralization, and bleaching to have quality in accordance with SNI standards. The degumming process was used 1% phosphoric acid; the neutralization process  used NaOH 1 M with variations of 5, 7.5 and 10%; the bleaching process used variety of thermal and acid activated of bentonite. Netralization Process with 10% NaOH reduces acid number to 3.29 from 11 mg NaOH/g sample. Peroxide numbers reduces to 2.45 and 2.40 for tengkawang Nanga Yen and Sintang from 9.43 and 14.53 mek O₂ / Kg. Iodine numbers are in the range 29-32 mg I₂ / 100 g. Palmitic acid ; stearic acid; and oleic acid content  (%) respectively 19.7104, 44.2674, and 31.8944  for tengkawang Nanga Yen and 19,687; 42.43; and 31.4097  for tengkawang Sintang. Specific surface area values (m² / g) and particle size (nm) are as follows 82.27 and 1248.3 for natural bentonite, 92.21 and 1374.5 for commercial bentonite, 131.08 and 1351.0 for thermal activated bentonite 230.82 and 1428.5 for acid activated bentonite. The SPF values of Tengkawang butter are in the range of 4 – 9, while the Shea butter in the range of 12 – 19.

Abstrak :
The research aims to scale up a small-scale stirred batch reactor to a large-scale stirred batch reactor in order to degum crude palm oil for use as a raw material in biodiesel production. The scale-up is based on the similarity of fluid Reynolds numbers in the two differently sized reactors. To achieve this aim, computational fluid dynamic modeling and simulations of the two reactors were performed. A small-scale palm oil degumming process was carried out in a 250 cc autoclave reactor using a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm. The simulation results of this small reactor yielded a fluid Reynolds number in the range of 5 to 3,482. The large-scale reactor proposed in this research is 1.25 m3 in volume and is equipped with two impellers: a pitched blade impeller and a Rushton turbine impeller. The pitched blade impeller is placed over the Rushton turbine impeller. They are rotated at 100 rpm. Under this setting and operation, the resulting fluid Reynolds number was in the range of 486 to 202,000. This result indicates that the large-scale reactor was able to reproduce the reaction performance obtained in the small-scale reactor.

Abstrak :
The research aims to scale up a small-scale stirred batch reactor to a large-scale stirred batch reactor in order to degum crude palm oil for use as a raw material in biodiesel production. The scale-up is based on the similarity of fluid Reynolds numbers in the two differently sized reactors. To achieve this aim, computational fluid dynamic modeling and simulations of the two reactors were performed. A small-scale palm oil degumming process was carried out in a 250 cc autoclave reactor using a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm. The simulation results of this small reactor yielded a fluid Reynolds number in the range of 5 to 3,482. The large-scale reactor proposed in this research is 1.25 m3 in volume and is equipped with two impellers: a pitched blade impeller and a Rushton turbine impeller. The pitched blade impeller is placed over the Rushton turbine impeller. They are rotated at 100 rpm. Under this setting and operation, the resulting fluid Reynolds number was in the range of 486 to 202,000. This result indicates that the large-scale reactor was able to reproduce the reaction performance obtained in the small-scale reactor.