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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Uni Eropa mengeluarkan komunikasi Eropa, tujuan wisata No. 1 di dunia guna memajukan industri pariwisata. Program digitalisasi industri pariwisata merupakan salah satu bagian dari pariwisata berkelanjutan. Pariwisata sendiri merupakan kegiatan lintas sektor yang menjadi bagian dari komoditas industri Uni Eropa. Polandia, Hungaria, Republik Ceko, dan Slowakia merupakan Negata Anggota Uni Eropa yang tergabung dalam organisasi Visegrad Group. Sektor pariwisata di empat negara Visegrad Group masih mengejar ketinggalan dari negara-negara Eropa Barat. Pelaksanaan dan kebijakan pariwisata digital di setiap negara turut berperan dalam memajukan pariwisata mereka.

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ABSTRACT
European Union issues communication Europe, the worlds No. 1 tourist destination to advance the tourism industry. The tourism industry digitalization program is part of sustainable tourism program. Tourism itself is a cross-sectoral activity that is part of the European Union industrial commodities. Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia are EU Member States that are members of the Visegrad Group. The tourism sector in the four Visegrad Group countries is still catching up with Western European countries. The implementation and policies of digital tourism in each country play a role in advancing their tourism.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas fakta kedekatan diplomatik Ceska-Israel tidak menghasilkan kedekatan ekonomi kedua negara. Dalam penelitian ini, kedekatan ekonomi diukur dari volume perdagangan Ceska-Israel lalu dibandingkan dengan volume perdagangan Israel-anggota lain di Uni Eropa. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dan memaparkan penyebab volume perdagangan Israel-Ceska lebih rendah dibandingkan volume perdagangan Israel-negara lain di UE yang punya kedekatan politik setara. Kedekatan politik diukur lewat jumlah dan lokasi perwakilan diplomatik serta hasil pemungutan suara di sidang Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa. Sementara dari sisi ekonomi menerapkan pendekatan gravitasi, memanfaatkan indeks komplementaritas perdagangan (TCI) dan Indeks Perdagangan Intra-industri (IIT) untuk memeriksa perdagangan Israel-Ceska dan Israel-negara anggota UE lainnya. Pemeriksaan menggunakan UNCTAD, Bank Dunia, International Trade Center (Intracen), serta CEPII. Dalam penelitian ditemukan, Jerman, Perancis, dan Ceska paling dekat secara politik dengan dengan Israel. Walakin, karena kapasitas ekonomi dan jenis komoditas perdagangannya, volume perdagangan Israel-Ceska lebih rendah dibandingkan volume perdagangan Israel-Jerman atau Israel-Perancis. Ceska-Israel perlu meningkatkan aras komplementaritas komoditasnya untuk mendorong kenaikan volume perdagangan. ...... This thesis discusses Czech-Israel diplomatic propinquity is not reflected in their economic relations. In this research, economic proximity is measured with trade volume between Czech and Israel and then compared with the trade volume of other countries in the European Union to Israel. This study identifies and describes causative factors Czech-Israel trade volume is lower than Israel-other EU member states trade volume. This study identifies and explains the causes of lower Israeli- Czech trade volume compared to Israel-Czech trade volumes in other EU countries that have equal political affinity. Political closeness is measured by the number and location of diplomatic representatives and the results of voting at the General Assembly of the United Nations. Meanwhile, from an economic perspective, applying a gravity approach, utilizing the trade complementarity index (TCI) and intra-industri trade index (IIT) to examine Israel-Czech trade and Israel-other EU member states. The examination uses data from UNCTAD, the World Bank, the International Trade Center (Intracen), and CEPII. In the study it was found that Germany, France, and the Czech Republic were closest politically to Israel. However, due to its economic capacity and the type of trading commodities, the Israeli-Czech trade volume is lower than the Israeli-German or Israeli-French trade volume. Czech-Israel needs to increase the level of complementarity of its commodities to encourage an increase in trade volume.

Abstrak :
This white paper is part of a series that promotes knowledge about language technology and its potential. This analysis focused on the 23 official European languages as well as other important national and regional languages in Europe. The results of this analysis suggest that there are many significant research gaps for each language. A more detailed expert analysis and assessment of the current situation will help maximise the impact of additional research and minimize any risks. META-NET consists of 54 research centres from 33 countries that are working with stakeholders from commercial businesses, government agencies, industry, research organisations, software companies, technology providers and European universities. Together, they are creating a common technology vision while developing a strategic research agenda that shows how language technology applications can address any research gaps by 2020.