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"Sistem penjejakan posisi GPS menggunakan media komunikasi RF (Radio Frequency) dan SMS (Short Messaging Service) sebagai media transmisi data telah banyak digunakan. Berprinsip pada pengembangan teknologi dan aplikasi dari sistem komunikasi seluler, maka dibuatlah sistem penjejakan posisi dengan mentransmisikan data GPS (Global Positioning System) dengan menggunakan teknologi CSD (Circuit Swithced Data) pada jaringan GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) sebagai media transmisinya. Sistem penjejakan posisi GPS ini dibagi dalam dua bagian, yaitu bagian objek dan bagian navigasi. Bagian objek terdiri dari GPS receiver, sistem minimum mikrokontroler AVR-ATmega8535, dan ponsel GSM. Bagian navigasi terdiri dari ponsel GSM dan PC (Personal Computer) atau laptop. Komunikasi antar perangkat pada bagian objek menggunakan port serial RS-232. Sedangkan pada bagian navigasi dapat menggunakan port serial RS-232 ataupun USB (Universal Serial Bus). Dengan sistem GPS akan diperoleh suatu data lintang, bujur, kecepatan, dan arah dari GPS receiver. Data tersebut akan diteruskan oleh mikrokontroler untuk dikirim dari ponsel bagian objek ke ponsel bagian navigasi melalui komunikasi CSD, lalu dari ponsel bagian navigasi data tersebut diteruskan ke PC. Data ini kemudian diolah oleh program Visual Basic dan ditampilkan pada peta sesuai dengan keberadaan posisi GPS receiver melalui program pemetaan MapInfo yang telah terintegrasi pada program aplikasi Visual Basic tersebut. Pembahasan pada tugas akhir ini lebih ditekankan pada bagian objek, meliputi penjelasan mengenai GPS receiver, mikrokontroler AVR-ATmega8535, komunikasi CSD, deskripsi kerja sistem, perancangan hardware dari bagian objek serta pengujian dan analisis sistem. Selain itu, dijelaskan secara rinci mengenai pemrograman pada mikrokontroler AVR-ATmega8535 dan proses transmisi data GPS melalui media komunikasi CSD.

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GPS position tracking system using communication media RF (Radio Frequency) and SMS (Short Messaging Service) as data transmission media is commonly used. Based on technology and application development of mobile communication system, position tracking system was made by transmitting GPS (Global Positioning System) data using CSD (Circuit Swithced Data) technology with GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) network as transmitter media. The GPS position tracking system is grouped into two part, which are object and navigation. Object part consists of GPS receiver, microcontroller AVRATmega8535 minimum system, and GSM celullar phone. Navigation part consists of GSM celullar phone and PC (Personal Computer) or laptop. The communication between wares in object part happened using serial port RS-232. While in navigation part, serial port RS-232 or USB (Universal Serial Bus) can be used.

By using GPS system, we can get data such as latitude, longitude, velocity, and direction of GPS receiver. Those data will be processed by microcontroller to be sent from cellular phone in object part to cellular phone in navigation part through CSD communication, and then from celullar phone in navigation part to PC. This data then processed by Visual Basic and showed on map according to the position on GPS receiver by MapInfo mapping program that integrated on the Visual Basic application program.

This final project will only focused on the object part, including explanation about GPS receiver, microcontroller AVR-ATmega8535, CSD communication, system working description, and system analysis. Moreover, it will be explained in detail about programming in microcontroller AVR-ATmega8535 and GPS data transmission process with CSD."

"Improved floating point (FP) multiplier based on canonical signed digit code (CSDC) has been reported in this paper. Array structure was implemented through Hatamain’s scheme of partial product generation along with Baugh-Wooley’s (B.W) sign digit multiplication technique. Moreover, CSDC approaches were used for the addition of partial products in constant time without carry propagation and independent of operands. The functionality of these circuits was checked and performance parameters, such as propagation delay, dynamic switching power consumptions were calculated by spice spectre using 90nm CMOS technology. Implementation methodology ensures the stage reduction for floating point multiplier, hence substantial reduction in propagation delay compared with B.W.’s methodology, has been investigated. Implementation result offered propagation delay of the single precision floating point multiplier was only ~14.7ns propagation delay while the power consumption of the same was ~23.7mW. Almost ~40% improvement in speed from earlier reported FP multiplier, e.g. B.W implementation methodology, the best architecture reported so far, has been achieved."

"Film BST 1M dan BST 1M doping Nb2O5 dengan variasi % doping (1%, 2%, 4%) dideposisikan pada substrat Si (111) dan gelas corning dengan metode penumbuhan CSD (chemical solution deposition) dengan teknik spin-coating pada kecepatan putar 3000 rpm selama 30 detik. Film yang terbentuk dilanjutkan dengan proses sintering pada temperatur 450ºC untuk substrat corning dan 850ºC untuk substrat Si (111) selama 3 jam. Sistem kristal dan orientasi film BST dan BNST diuji dengan difraksi sinar-X dan dilakukan penghalusan (refinement) dengan analisa Rietveld yaitu menggunakan GSAS.Hasil penghalusan dengan GSAS diperoleh fasa BST yang terkandung pada film BST 1M, BNST 1M 1%, 2% dan 4% (substrat silikon) bersesuaian dengan Ba0,5Sr0,5TiO3 (ICDD) dengan sistem kristal kubik dan parameter kisi (a) berturut-turut 3,944Å, 3,949Å, 3,950Å, 3,904Å. Sedangkan untuk film BNST 1M 1%, 2% dan 4% (substrat corning) bersesuaian dengan BaTiO3 (ICDD) dengan sistem kristal tetragonal dan parameter kisi (a=b) berturut-turut 3,997Å, 3,987Å, 3,996Å, parameter kisi (c) 4,051Å, 4,041Å, 4,058Å.Hasil SEM film BST dan BNST 1M menunjukkan bahwa morfologi permukaan belum merata dan belum homogen. Harga polarisasi spontan film pada substrat Si (111) untuk BNST 1M 1% adalah 72,100µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% adalah 71,680µC.cm-2 dan BNST 1M 4% adalah 51,440µC.cm-2. Sedangkan harga polarisasi spontan film pada substrat corning untuk BNST 1M 1% adalah 121,440µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% adalah 121,450µC.cm-2 dan BNST 1M 4% adalah 119,690µC.cm-2.

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1M BST film and 1M Nb2O5 doped BST film with various Nb2O5 content (1%, 2% and 4%) are deposited on both silicon substrate and corning glass substrate, using CSD (chemical solution deposition) growth method by means of spin-coating technique with spin velocity 3000 rpm for 30 second. The resulted film is then followed by sintering process at 450ºC for corning glass substrate and 850ºC for silicon substrate for 3 hours. The crystal system and orientation of BST and BNST film are observed with X-ray diffraction and then the results are refined using Rietveld analysis feature in GSAS.

After refinement process using GSAS, the BST phase contained within the 1M BST film and 1M Nb2O5 doped BST films (Nb2O5 content: 1%, 2% and 4%) on silicon substrate is found to be equal to Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 phase (ICDD) with cubic crystal system and lattice parameter (a) respectively as follow: 3,944Å, 3,949Å, 3,950Å, 3,904Å. Whereas for 1M BNST films (Nb2O5 content: 1%, 2% and 4%) on corning glass substrate, the BST phase contained is found to be equal to BaTiO3 phase (ICDD) with tetragonal crystal system and lattice parameter (a=b) respectively as follow: 3,997Å, 3,987Å, 3,996Å and lattice parameter (c) respectively as follow: 4,051Å, 4,041Å, 4,058Å.

The SEM result of 1M BST and 1M BNST films show that the surface morphologies are not yet smooth and still heterogen. The spontaneous polarization value of the film on silicon substrate for BNST 1M 1% is 72,100µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% is 71,680µC.cm-2 and BNST 1M 4% is 51,440µC.cm-2. Whereas the spontaneous polarization value of the film on corning glass substrate for BNST 1M 1% is 121,440µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% is 121,450µC.cm-2 and BNST 1M 4% is 119,690µC.cm-2."

"Masalah transmisi data merupakan kendala dalam Aplikasi Sistem penjejakan posisi menggunakan GPS. Transmisi data dengan menggunakan layanan SMS (Short Messaging Service) hanya mampu menampung data sebanyak 160 karakter dalam satu kali pengiriman data, ditambah lagi layanan SMS menggunakan system packet switching sehingga tidak real time online. Sebagai alternatif dalam transmisi data, jaringan GSM menawarkan layanan CSD. Layanan ini memiliki fitur - fitur seperti transmisi data real time, kecepatan transmisi data yang cukup tinggi (9.6 kbps), kualitas layanan yang baik, dan biaya yang relatif murah, sedangkan alasan utama penggunaan jaringan GSM untuk layanan CSD (Circuit Switched Data) adalah jaringan GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) memiliki cakupan area yang luas dan mobilitas yang lebih baik. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka aplikasi sistem penjejakan posisi menggunakan layanan CSD sebagai transmisi data. Aplikasi sistem penjejakan posisi dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu bagian objek dan bagian navigasi. Bagian objek bertugas mengirimkan data - data GPS berupa lintang, bujur, kecepatan, dan arah melalui layanan CSD. Bagian navigasi yang berbasis Visual Basic bertugas untuk membuat sistem pemetaan data GPS yang diterima melalui CSD pada peta digital mapinfo. Diharapkan dengan system pemetaan yang telah dibuat dapat memudahkan pengguna untuk mengamati posisi objek.

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Data transmission has became a problem to the application of tracking system using GPS. By using SMS (Short Messaging Service), data that transmit through the network only available for supproting 160 character in certain delivery, in addition SMS service is using packet switching system, in which the data is not transmited real-time online. GSM network offers CSD (Circuit Switched Data) service as an alternative for data transmission. This service have a lot of features such as, real-time transmission data, full speed of data transmission (9,6 kbps), Better quality of service, and inexpensive charge. The main reason of using GSM network as an CSD service is GSM network has broadband wide access and better mobility.

Based on the following idea the application of tracking system is using CSD service as data transmission. The application of tracking system is divided in to two parts, object and navigation. Object part undertake in sending GPS data such as longitude, latitude, velocity and transversal through CSD service. Navigation which based on Visual Basic undertake to develop GPS data mapping system that received through CSD service in to Mapinfo digital map. Expected with the mapping system which have been made able to facilitate user in observing the object position."