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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Penghilangan CO2 dari natural gas atau penjerapan CO2 pada flue gas ,bdari post-combustion industries menjadi tantangan besar karena .besarnya volume CO2 yang terdapat pada sumber gas. Berbagai metode penangkapan CO2 telah dilakukan, seperti selective adsorption/absorption, teknologi membran, dan ionic liquid. Meskipun metode tersebut telah berhasil digunakan di industri, metode tersebut masih mempunyai efek negatif seperti konsumsi energi, korosi dan masalah pencemaran. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) berbasis Kolin Klorida dengan Alkohol sebagai pengganti MEA,DEA,dan MDEA dalam hal menjerap CO2. Berbagai jenis Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) digunakan untuk menjerap CO2 didasarkan pada efisiensi, kompleksitas dalam desain sistem, biaya, dan dampak lingkungan. Penggunaan kombinasi NADES yang berbeda serta tekanan optimal dalam penjerapan CO2 juga dipertimbangkan dalam penelitian ini. Kurva absorpsi menunjukkan hingga tekanan 30 bar dan menunjukkan hubungan liner antara fraksi mol CO2 terabsorpsi dan tekanan sistem. Kolin Klorida : 1,4 Butanediol (1:2) menunjukkan NADES yang paling efektif dalam mengabsorpsi NADES sebesar 0,18 mol CO2/mol NADES pada P 3 Mpa, T 50oC. Kemampuan NADES mengabsorpsi CO2 berhubungan dengan struktur NADES.

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ABSTRACT
Removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas streams or absorption of carbon dioxide contained in post-combustion flue gas become a big challenge due to the large volume of carbon dioxide to be processed. Various methods of carbon dioxide capture have been performed such as selective adsorption or absorption, membrane separation, and ionic liquid absorption; however, these methods still have drawbacks such as energy consumption, corrosion and pollution problems. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES), consisting of choline chloride and a hydrogen bonding donor (HBD) compound, in terms of carbon dioxide absorption. Solubility of carbon dioxide in NADES was found to be influenced HBD compound used and choline chloride to HBD ratio, carbon dioxide pressure, and contact time. HBD and choline used were alcohol based. The carbon dioxide absorption measurement was conducted using an apparatus that utilizes the volumetric method. Absorption curves were obtained up to pressures of 30 bar, showing a linear relationship between the amount absorbed and the final pressure of carbon dioxide. The choline and 1,4-butanediol eutectic mixture absorbs the highest amount of carbon dioxide, approaching 0.18 mole-fraction at 3.0 MPa and 50 C. We found that NADES ability to absorb carbon dioxide correlates with its polarity as tested using Nile Red as a solvatochromic probe, Removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas streams or absorption of carbon dioxide contained in post-combustion flue gas become a big challenge due to the large volume of carbon dioxide to be processed. Various methods of carbon dioxide capture have been performed such as selective adsorption or absorption, membrane separation, and ionic liquid absorption; however, these methods still have drawbacks such as energy consumption, corrosion and pollution problems. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES), consisting of choline chloride and a hydrogen bonding donor (HBD) compound, in terms of carbon dioxide absorption. Solubility of carbon dioxide in NADES was found to be influenced HBD compound used and choline chloride to HBD ratio, carbon dioxide pressure, and contact time. HBD and choline used were alcohol based. The carbon dioxide absorption measurement was conducted using an apparatus that utilizes the volumetric method. Absorption curves were obtained up to pressures of 30 bar, showing a linear relationship between the amount absorbed and the final pressure of carbon dioxide. The choline and 1,4-butanediol eutectic mixture absorbs the highest amount of carbon dioxide, approaching 0.18 mole-fraction at 3.0 MPa and 50 C. We found that NADES ability to absorb carbon dioxide correlates with its polarity as tested using Nile Red as a solvatochromic probe]

Abstrak :
Salah satu alternatif untuk mendapatkan peforma yang lebih bagus dalam proses dari segi teknis dan ekonomi adalah intensifikasi proses pada proses produksi biodiesel menggunakan distilasi reaktif. Penelitian ini melakukan komparasi dua skenario produksi biodiesel dari e-metanol (metanol dari hidrogenasi CO2 dengan CO2 berasal dari CO2 capture dan hidrogen berasal dari elektrolisis dengan PEM electrolyzer) tanpa intensifikasi proses (S1) dan produksi biodiesel dari e-metanol dengan intensifikasi proses menggunakan distilasi reaktif (S2).  Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa produksi biodiesel dengan distilasi reaktif menunjukan peforma yang lebih baik dari segi teknis maupun ekonomi. Dari segi teknis menunjukan, konversi reaktan yang didapatkan pada distilasi reaktif mencapai 95,22%. Selain itu kebutuhan ratio mol asam lemak dan metanol dari S2 (1:8) lebih sedikit dibanding dengan S1 (1:15). Kemudian dari analisis energi, juga didapatkan efisiensi dan produktifitas energi dari S2 (32% dan 7,788 kg/MJ) lebih tinggi dibanding dengan S1 (28% dan 3,788 kg/MJ). Lalu dari analisis emisi CO2, S2 lebih rendah emisi 68,2% dibanding S1. Terakhir untuk analisis ekonomi, kedua skenario menghasilkan nilai net present value yang negatif sehingga proyek tidak layak untuk dijalankan karena biaya investasi dari produksi hidrogen dengan sistem PEM+PV+baterai yang masih mahal namun nilai net present value negatif dari S2 masih 60,41% lebih rendah dibanding S1 ......One alternative to get better performance in the process from a technical and economic point of view is process intensification in the biodiesel production process using reactive distillation. This research compares two scenarios of biodiesel production from e-methanol (methanol from CO2 hydrogenation with CO2 comes from CO2 capture and hydrogen comes from electrolysis with PEM electrolyzer) without process intensification (S1) and biodiesel production from e-methanol with process intensification using distillation. reactive (S2). The results showed that biodiesel production by reactive distillation showed better performance from a technical and economic standpoint. From a technical point of view, the conversion of reactants obtained in reactive distillation reaches 95.22%. In addition, the need for the mole ratio of fatty acids and methanol from S2 (1:8) is less than that of S1 (1:15). Then from the energy analysis, it was also found that the energy efficiency and productivity of S2 (32% and 7.788 kg/MJ) were higher than those of S1 (28% and 3.788 kg/MJ). Then from the analysis of CO2 emissions, S2 has 68.2% lower emissions than S1. Finally, for economic analysis, both scenarios produce a negative net present value, so the project is not feasible to run because the investment costs of hydrogen production with the PEM+PV+battery system are still expensive, but the negative net present value of S2 is still 60.41% more lower than S1.

Abstrak :
Solid sorbents based on graphite electrode waste and cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) have been studied with regard to CO2 capture. The acid-base properties of cerium oxide produce a sorbent for the capture of CO2. The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of CO2 capture using graphite/CeO2 composites at different weights of Ce(NO3)3.6H2O (0.5, 1 and 2 g), namely G0.5, G1 and G2, respectively. Volumetric adsorption studies of CO2 on graphite/CeO2 composites and ceria were conducted at various pressures (P) of 3, 5, 8, 15 and 20 bar, and temperatures (T) of 303, 308, 318 K. Graphite waste before modification (GBM), activated graphite waste (GA), and CeO2 for capturing CO2 were also investigated. By varying the two parameters (P and T), we found that the maximum adsorption capacities of CO2 at 303 K and 20 bar were 0.0713, 0.0316, 0.1574, 0.0987, 0.1137, and 0.0964 kg/kg respectively, for GBM, GA, G0.5, G1, G2 and CeO2. The highest adsorption capacity of CO2 was found in the G0.5 composite. The adsorption performance of CO2 using ceria was almost similar to the G1 composite. We found that CO2 adsorption capacity decreases with an increasing temperature from 303 to 318 K. It was concluded that ceria and composite graphite waste/CeO2 are stable and selective CO2 sorbents. The work allows us to synthesize a new sorbent which can be effectively applied for CO2 capture. The adsorption capacity of CO2 depends significantly on the active site and chemical modifier of the sorbents.

Abstrak :
Direct Air Capture (DAC) efektif menghilangkan CO2 dari atmosfer, namun kelembaban tinggi dapat menghambat penyerapan CO2 dengan menyebabkan air mengumpul di permukaan penyerap. Bahan hidrofobik seperti PVC dan PVDF, yang dikenal dengan sifat tahan airnya, menawarkan solusi dengan menciptakan penghalang yang menjaga efisiensi penyerapan CO2 optimal bahkan dalam kondisi lembab. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk mengembangkan absorbent dengan kemampuan penyerapan CO2 yang ditingkatkan dengan mengintegrasikan sifat hidrofobik ke dalam struktur mereka menggunakan proses Phase-Inversion. Hasil analisis menunjukkan proses pelapisan yang sukses untuk PVC dan PVDF, yang menunjukkan kekokohan dan penempelan yang kuat pada substrat melintasi berbagai pelarut. Analisis termogravimetri yang dilakukan dalam kondisi kering menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dalam efektivitas penangkapan CO2 di antara berbagai komposisi polimer. Formulasi PVC dengan konsentrasi Purolite yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan kemampuan adsorpsi yang lebih unggul dibandingkan PVDF, yang kurang efektif dalam kondisi kering. Studi mini-DAC memberikan wawasan tentang bagaimana kelembaban memengaruhi efisiensi penangkapan CO2, mengungkapkan bahwa baik pelapisan PVC maupun PVDF tetap mempertahankan kapasitas penyerapan yang baik bahkan dalam kondisi lembab. Namun, PVC lebih unggul daripada PVDF di lingkungan lembab. Seiring dengan peningkatan tingkat kelembaban, kedua pelapisan menunjukkan penurunan Total CO2 yang Terperangkap, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh penyerapan kelembaban oleh Purolite dan ketiadaan polimer. ......Direct air capture (DAC) technology effectively removes CO2 from the atmosphere, but high humidity can hinder CO2 absorption by causing water to accumulate on absorbent surfaces. Hydrophobic materials such as PVC and PVDF, known for their water-repellent properties, offer a solution by creating a barrier that maintains optimal CO2 absorption efficiency even in humid conditions. The research focuses to develop absorbents with improved CO2 absorption capabilities by integrating hydrophobic properties into their structures using Phase-Inversion process. The analysis results indicate successful coating processes for both PVC and PVDF, demonstrating robustness and strong adherence to substrates across various solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) conducted under dry conditions showed significant differences in CO2 capture effectiveness among different polymer compositions. PVC formulations with higher Purolite concentrations exhibited superior adsorption capabilities compared to PVDF, which performed less effectively under dry conditions. Mini DAC studies provided insights into how humidity impacts CO2 capture efficiency, revealing that both PVC and PVDF coatings maintained good adsorption capacities even in humid conditions. However, PVC outperformed PVDF in humid environments. As humidity levels increased, both coatings exhibited reduced Total Captured CO2, likely due to moisture absorption by Purolite and the absence of polymers.

Abstrak :
Pemanasan global akibat gas rumah kaca semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Hal tersebut memicu dilakukanya upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi gas rumah kaca. Salah satu upayanya yakni penangkapan CO₂ yang mana CO₂ termasuk kedalam gas rumah kaca dari gas buang industri. Dari berbagai sektor industri yang menghasilkan emisi CO₂, industri semen menyumbang emisi sebanyak 689 kg CO₂ per satu ton semen yang sangat banyak jika melihat kemajuan pembangunan infrastruktur. Disamping hal tersebut, didapati bahwa Indonesia masih sangat kekurangan pemasok metanol sehingga pada tahun 2019 Indonesia tercatat masih mengimpor metanol sebanyak US$279 juta. Dari beberapa pertimbangan yang telah dipaparkan, dilakukan penelitian ini untuk menguji kelayakan secara tekno-ekonomi dan evaluasi risiko dari produksi metanol menggunakan bahan baku CO₂ dan H₂ melalui proses hidrogenasi. Teknologi yang digunakan untuk mengambil CO₂ dari gas buang pabrik semen adalah dengan MEA CO₂ capture. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan NPV, IRR, PI, dan PBP dan juga probabilitas NPV, PI, dan PBP menggunakan simulasi Monte-Carlo. Proses CO₂ capture dan proses hidrogenasi CO₂ disimulasikan menggunakan Aspen HYSYS dan Aspen Plus. Basis pajak karbon, harga metanol dan harga hidrogen yang digunakan dalam perhitungan tekno-ekonomi secara berturut-turut adalah $70/ton, $670/ton dan $2000/ton. Hasil NPV dari penelitian ini adalah 48,674 juta USD, IRR sebesar 22,72%, PI sebesar 1,079, dan PBP sebesar 5,12 tahun. Setelah 10.000 trial menggunakan Monte-Carlo, nilai NPV dan PI memiliki probabilitas untuk bernilai negatif yang secara berturut-turut sebesar 87,12% dan 86,06%. PBP memiliki probabilitas sebesar 72,28% untuk lebih dari 7 tahun. NPV akan bernilai nol jika harga metanol $531,6/ton atau harga hidrogen $2470/ton. ...... Global warming due to greenhouse gases seems to be increasing from year to year. Therefore, efforts have been made to reduce the causes of global warming. One of these efforts is the capture of CO₂, which is included as a greenhouse gas from industrial exhaust gases. Of the various industrial sectors that produce CO₂ emissions, the cement industry produces emissions of 689 kg CO₂ per one ton of cement, which is a lot based on the development of infrastructure. In addition, Indonesia still lacks methanol suppliers, so that in 2019 Indonesia obtained US$279 of methanol. From these considerations, a study was conducted to assess using techno-economic and evaluate methanol production as raw material for CO₂ and H₂ through the hydrogenation process. The technology used to extract CO₂ from the exhaust gas of a cement plant is MEA CO₂ capture. The objective of this study is to find the NPV, IRR, PI, and PBP and the probability of NPV, PI, and PBP using the Monte-Carlo simulation. The CO₂ capture process and the CO₂ hydrogenation process were simulated using Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Plus. The basis carbon tax, methanol and hydrogen prices used in the techno-economic calculations are $70/ton, $670/ton, and $2000/ton, respectively. The results of the NPV of this study were 48.674 million USD, IRR of 22.72%, PI of 1.079, and PBP of 5.12 years. After 10,000 trials using Monte-Carlo, the NPV and PI values have a negative probability of 87.12% and 86.06%, respectively. PBP has a probability of 72.28% to be more than 7 years. The NPV will equal to zero if the price of methanol is $531.6/ton or hydrogen's price is $2470/ton.