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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were 1) to quantify the differences in body densities and percent body fat using various methods for evaluating body composition (e.g., underwater weighing (UWW), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), skinfold caliper (SKF) measurement, ultrasound (US), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), and 2) to examine the relationship between trends of the differences in body density and percent body fat obtained by these methods and characteristics of morphology and body composition. To this end, the body compositions of 73 healthy male adults were measured using UWW, ADP, SKF, US, and BIA. Twenty-seven of these 73 subjects underwent further measurement using DXA. Differences in body densities determined with ADP, SKF, and US were compared with those measured using UWW as a reference, and the differences in percent body fat estimated with UWW, ADP, SKF, US and BIA were compared with those measured by DXA as a reference. The results of this study indicate that 1) ADP is useful as a method for evaluating body density, as the results differed insignificantly from the reference method and showed no systematic errors due to differences in morphological characteristics and body composition, and 2) UWW measurements exhibited the smallest difference in percent body fat from the reference method, however, more than in any other method, there were systematic errors due to differences in morphological characteristics and body composition, specifically, trunk composition.

Abstrak :
Pengaruh pemberian diet rendah kalori seimbang selama 14 hari terhadap berat badan (BB), indeks massa tubuh (IMT), tebal lipatan kulit total (TLK), massa lemak tubuh (ML), massa tubuh bebas lemak(MBL), rasio lingkar pinggang-lingkar panggul (RLpi-Lpa), dan kadar leptin serum, telah dievaluasi dengan studi eksperimental pra dan pasca pemberian diet rendah kalori seimbang 915,23 kkal dengan komposisi 55,81% karbohidrat, 19,46% protein dan 24,73% lemak selama 14 hari terhadap 39 subyek perempuan obes (19-55 tahun) yang telah memenuhi criteria penerimaan dan penolakan. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data karakteristik demografi, data asupan energi dan makronutrien, antropometri, komposisi tubuh, dan kadar leptin serum. Terjadi penurunan berat badan secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 70,99 ± 8,62 menjadi 68,81 ± 8,36 kg (3,07%); penurunan IMT secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 30,28 ± 3,11 kg/m2 menjadi 29,36 ± 2,94 kg/m2 (3,04%); penurunan TLK secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 99,36 ± 12,07 mm menjadi 91,29 ± 10,85 mm (8,08%); penurunan ML secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 35,41 ± 2,75 % menjadi 33,65 ± 2,73 % (1,76%); peningkatan MBL secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 64,59 ± 2,74 menjadi 66,35 ± 2,73 (2,72%); penurunan Lpi secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 85,87 ± 7,31 menjadi 83,35 ± 7,09 (2,93%); penurunan Lpa secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 107,59 ± 6,67 menjadi 106,49 ± 6,37 (1,02%); penurunan Lpi-Lpa secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 0,80 ± 0,05 menjadi 0,78 ± 0,04 (2,24%); penurunan kadar leptin secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 23,31 (12,06-71,22) menjadi 18,18 (7,90-65,11) (22,01%); ditemukan korelasi positif antara kadar leptin serum dengan ML secara bermakna (p<0,05) sebelum perlakuan (r=0,47 ; p=0,003) dan sesudah perlakuan (r=0,57 ; p=0,001). Pemberian diet rendah kalori seimbang sebesar 915,23 kkal/h selama 14 hari dapat dengan efektif menurunkan berat badan, IMT, tebal lemak bawah kulit, persentase lemak, meningkatkan persentase massa bebas lemak, menurunkan rasio lingkar pinggang, lingkar panggul dan kadar leptin serum. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 220-4)

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The effect of balanced low-calorie diet for 14 days on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), total skin fold thickness (SFT), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and serum leptin level was evaluated by using a pre and post-experimental balanced low-calorie diet 915.23 kcal/day with the composition of 55.81% carbohydrate, 19.46% protein and 24.73% fat for 14 days on 39 obese-women subjects (19-55 years old) who have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data include demographic characteristic, macronutrient and energy intake, as well as of anthropometry, FM, FFM, and serum leptin level. Body weight reduction occurs significantly (p<0.05) from 70.99 ± 8.62 to 68.81 ± 8.36 kg (3.07%); BMI reduction is significant (p<0.05) from 30.28 ± 3.11 kg/m2 to 29.36 ± 2.94 kg/m2 (3.04%); Significantly reduced SFT (p<0.05) from 99.36 ± 12.07 mm to 91.29 ± 10.85 mm (8.08%); Significantly reduced FM (p<0.05) from 35.41 ± 2.75 % to 33.65 ± 2.73% (1.76%); Significantly increased FFM percentage (p<0.05) from 64.59 ± 2.74 to 66.35 ± 2.73 (2.72%); Significantly reduced WC (waist circumference) (p<0.05) from 85.87 ± 7.31 to 83.35 ± 7.09 (2.93%); Significantly reduced HC (hip circumference) (p<0.05) from 107.59 ± 6.67 to 106.49 ± 6.37 (1.02%); Significantly reduced WHR (p<0.05) from 0.80 ± 0.05 to 0.78 ± 0.04 (2.24%); Significantly reduced serum leptin (p<0.05) from 23.31 (12.06-71.22) to 18.18 (7.90-65.11) (22.01%); positive correlation is observed between serum leptin level and FM significantly (p<0.05) before treatment (r=0.47 ; p=0.003) and after treatment (r=0.57 ; p=0.001). Balanced low-calorie diet may effectively reduce body weight, BMI, skin fold thickness, percentage of fat mass, to increase percentage of fat free mass, to reduce waist to hip ratio and serum leptin level. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 220-4)

Abstrak :
Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian diet rendah kalori seimbang selama 14 hari terhadap berat badan (BB), indeks massa tubuh (IMT), tebal lipatan kulit total. (TLK), massa lemak tubuh (ML), massa tubuh bebas lemak (MBL), rasio lingkar pinggang-lingkar panggul (R Lpi-Lpa) , dan kadar leptin serum. Tempat : Rumah Sakit Sumba Waras, Grogol Bahan dan cara: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimentai pra dan pasca pemberian diet rendah kalori seimbang 915,23 kkal dengan komposisi 55,81% karbohidrat, 19,46% protein dan 24,73% lemak selama 14 hari terhadap 39 subyek perempuan obes (19-55 tahun) yang telah memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dan penolakan. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data karateristik demografi, data asupan energi dan makronutrien, antropornetri, komposisi tubuh, dan kadar leptin serum. Hasil : Terjadi penurunan berat badan secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 70,99 ± 8,62 menjadi 68,81 ± 8,36 kg (3,07%); penurunan IMT secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 30,20 ± 3,11 kg/m2 menjadi 29,36 ± 2,94 kg/m2 ( 3,04%); penurunan TLK secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 99,32 ± 12,07 mm menjadi 91,29 f 10,85 mm (8,08%); penurunan ML secara bermakna (p<0,05) dari 35,41 ± 2,75 % menjadi 33,65 ± 2,73% (1,76 %) peningkatan persentase MBL secara bermakna. (p<0,O5) dari 64,59 2,74 menjadi 66,35 2,73% (2,72%);penurunan Lpi secara bermakna (p<0,O5) dari 85,87 7,31 menjadi 83,35 ± 7,09 cm (2,93%); penurunan Lpa secara bermakna (p<0,05) Bari 107,59 ± 6,67 menjadi 106,49 f 6,37 cm (1,02%); penurunan R Lpi-Lpa secara bermakna (p(O,O5) dari 0,80 ± 0,05 menjadi 0,78 ± 0,04 (2,24 %); penurunan kadar leptin serum secara bermalma (p<0,05) dari 23,31 (12,06-71,22) menjadi 18,18 (7,90-65,11) pg/mL (22,01 %); ditemukan korelasi positif antara kadar leptin serum dengan ML secara bermakna (p<0,05) sebelum perlakuan 0=0,47 ; p t,003) dan sesudah perlakuan (r3,57 ; p=0,001). Simpulan : Pemberian diet rendah kalori seimbang sebesar 915,23 kkal/h selama 14 hari dapat dengan efektif menurunkan berat badan, IMT, tebal lemak bawah kulit, persentase lemak, meningkatkan persentase massa bebas lemak, menurunkan rasio lingkar pinggang lingkar panggul dan kadar leptin serum, serta ditemukan korelasi positif bermakna antara massa lemak tubuh dan leptin serum baik sebelum maupun sesudah perlakuan.

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Objective : To identify the effect of balanced low-calorie diet for 14 days on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), total skin fold thickness (SFT), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and serum leptin level. Place : Sumber Waras Hospital, Grogol Material and Method : This study is a pre- and post-experimental balanced low-calorie diet 915.23 kcallday with the composition of 55.81 % carbohydrate, 19.46 % protein and 24.73 % fat for 14 days on 39 obese-women subjects (19-55 years old) who have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data include demographic characteristic, macronutrient and energy intake, as well as of anthropometry, FM, FFM, and serum leptin level. Results : Body weight reduction occurs significantly (p<0.05) from 70.99 ± 8.62 to 68.81 ± 8.36 kg (3,07%), BMI reduction is significant (p<0.45) from 30,20 + 3,11kglm2 to 29,36 ± 2,94 kghn' (3,04%); significantly reduced SFT (p<0.05) from 99,32 ± 12,07 mm to 91,29 ± 10,85 mm (8,08%); significantly reduced FM (p<0,05) from 35.41 ± 2.75% to 33.65 ± 2.73% (1.76%); significantly increased FFM percentage (P<0.05) from 64.59 ± 2.74 to 66.35 ± 2.73 (2.72%); significantly reduced WC (waist circumference) (p<0.05) from 85.87 ± 7.31 to 83.35 ± 7.09 (2.93%); significantly reduced HC (hip circumference) (p<0.05) from 107.59 ± 6.67 to 106.49 ± 6.37 (1.02%); significantly reduced WHR (p<0.05) from 0.80 ± 0.05 to 0.78 ± 0.04 (2.24%); significantly reduced serum leptin level (p<0.05) from 23.31 (12.06 - 71.22) to 18.18 (7.90 - 65.11) (22.01%); positive correlation is observed between serum leptin level and FM significantly (p<0,05) before treatment (r= 0.47; p = 0.003) and after treatment (r=0,57; Conclusions : Balanced low-calorie diet may effectively reduce body weight, BMI, skin fold thickness, percentage of fat mass, to increase percentage of fat free mass, to reduce waist to hip ratio and serum leptin level. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between serum leptin and body fat mass both before and after treatment.

Abstrak :
Sarkopenia menyebabkan luaran buruk pada populasi hemodialisis reguler. Panduan diagnosis dan cara pengukuran yang berbeda menyebabkan rentang prevalensi yang besar. Faktor yang berperan terhadap sarkopenia pada hemodialisis reguler belum diketahui. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi dan hubungan fosfat dengan sarkopenia pada hemodialisis reguler. Metode: Studi potong lintang observasional pada 96 pasien hemodialisis reguler, usia ≥18 tahun, lama hemodialisis ≥120 hari di RSCM (Maret-Mei 2022).Uji deskriptif, analisis bivariat, dan regresi logistik mendapatkan prevalensi dan hubungan antara Simplify Creatinine Index, DM type 2, IL-6, status gizi, aktivitas fisik, dan fosfat dengan sarkopenia. Diagnosis sarkopenia menggunakan kriteria AWGS 2019. Hand Grip Strength untuk kekuatan otot, massa otot dengan Bioimpedance Spectroscopy dan performa fisik dengan uji berjalan 6 meter. Hasil: Prevalensi sarkopenia adalah 54,2% dan rerata kadar fosfat 4,08 mg/dL (SB 1,45 mg/dL). Beda rerata kadar fosfat kelompok sarkopenia dengan kelompok tanpa sarkopenia adalah 3,73mg/dL vs 4,5 mg/dL, p=0,008. Faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan sarkopenia adalah SCI (p=0,005), dan aktivitas fisik ringan (p=0,006). Fosfat tidak berhubungan bermakna setelah menambahkan perancu. Kesimpulan: Prevalensi sarkopenia dengan kriteria AWGS 2019 pada populasi hemodialisis reguler adalah 54,2%. Kelompok sarkopenia memiliki rerata fosfat lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa sarkopenia, hubungan menjadi tidak bermakna setelah menambahkan variabel perancu. ......Sarcopenia asscociated with worse outcomes in MHD patients. Difference in criteria and methods used to diagnose causing wide range of prevalence. Factors asscociated with sarcopenia in MHD have not been well studied. Objective: to investigate the prevalence and asscociation between phosphate and sarcopenia in MHD. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study in 96 MHD patients ≥18 years old, dialysis vintage ≥120 days in RSCM March-May 2022. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression used to find prevalence and asccociation with Simplify Creatinine Index, type 2 DM, IL-6, nutritional status, physical activity, and phosphate. AWGS 2019 criteria used to diagnose sarcopenia, Hand Grip Strength for muscle strength, Bioimpedance Spectroscopy for muscle mass, and 6-meter walk for physical performance. Results: Sarcopenia prevalence was 54.2% and mean phosphate was 4,08 mg/dL (SD 1,45 mg/dL). Mean difference of phosphate in sarcopenia group compared to non-sarcopenia group is 3,73mg/dL vs 4,5 mg/dL, p=0,008. Factors with significant association were SCI (p=0.005) and low physical activity (p-0.006). Phosphate no longer asscociate significantly with sarcopenia after adjustement. Conclusions: Sarcopenia prevalence in MHD population with AWGS 2019 criteria was 54.2%. Sarcopenia group has significant lower mean phosphate compared to non-sarcopenia group, but the asscociation no longer significant after adjustment with confounding variables.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Kegagalan pertumbuhan sering terjadi pada pasien talasemia mayor (TM). Tata laksana nutrisi merupakan salah satu aspek penting untuk mengoptimalkan hasil luaran klinis. Penilaian komposisi tubuh berupa persentase massa otot, persentase masa lemak dan densitas massa tulang (DMT) menjadi komponen penting dalam mengevaluasi status gizi. Hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian di Indonesia yang mengevaluasi hubungan antara asupan makronutrien dan mikronutrien terhadap komposisi tubuh pada pasien TM remaja serta hubungannya dengan berbagai parameter antropometri. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain studi potong lintang melibatkan 55 pasien TM remaja, berusia 10-18 tahun di Pusat Talasemia RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Status gizi dievaluasi disertai pengukuran lingkar lengan atas (LILA), triceps skin thicknes (TSK), dan mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC). Asupan makronutrien dan mikronutrien diperoleh melalui food record selama tiga hari. Persentase massa otot, massa lemak, dan DMT dinilai menggunakan dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Kadar vitamin D diperiksa melalui metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data dianalisis menggunakan korelasi Pearson dan Spearman sesuai dengan pola distribusi normalitas. Hasil penelitian: Gizi kurang dijumpai pada 58,2% subjek dan gizi buruk pada 9,1% subjek. Rerata dan median asupan zat gizi harian dibandingkan dengan kebutuhannya pada subyek lelaki yakni asupan energi 85,6 % (SB 20,19), protein 55% (SB 14,19), lemak 112,4% (SB 35,48), karbohidrat 85,5 % (SB 23,31), vitamin D 29% (RIK 15,68-40,80), vitamin E 34,1% (SB 14,77), kalsium 37% (RIK 16,63-43,45), dan asam folat 32,98% (SB 14,6), sedangkan pada subyek perempuan asupan energi 93,6 % (SB 18,61), protein 59% (RIK 51-63), lemak 112,4% (RIK 105-142,5), karbohidrat 93,3 % (SB 25,5), vitamin D 22% (RIK 13,65-43), vitamin E 24% (RIK 21,65-39,7), kalsium 35,7% (RIK 20,45-55,6), dan asam folat 26,3% (RIK 16,2-41,15). Terdapat korelasi  ringan antara asupan energi dengan persentase massa lemak pada subyek lelaki dan perempuan (r= 0,25, p= 0,017; r= 0,38, p= 0,02). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein, vitamin D, vitamin E, kalsium, dan asam folat terhadap persentase massa otot, persentase massa lemak dan DMT. Kadar vitamin D tidak berkorelasi dengan komposisi tubuh. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara LILA dan MUAMC dengan persentase massa otot (r= 0,54, p<0,001; r= 0,68, p<0,001) dan massa lemak (r=0,77, p<0,001; r= 0,61, p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Lebih dari separuh remaja talasemia mengalami malnutrisi dan kekurangan asupan protein. Komposisi tubuh berkorelasi dengan jumlah asupan energi, tetapi tidak dengan yang lainnya. Kadar vitamin D tidak berkorelasi dengan komposisi tubuh. Lingkar lengan atas (LILA) dan MUAMC berkorelasi dengan persentase massa otot dan massa lemak. ......Background:Growth failure is common in thalassemia major (TM) patients. Nutritional management is an imperative aspect to optimize the clinical outcome. Measurement of muscle mass percentage, fat mass percentage, and bone mass density (BMD) on body composition is important component in assessing the nutritional status. There has been no study in Indonesia for the correlation between macronutrient and micronutrient intake on body composition in adolescents with thalassemia major. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 55 adolescent TM patients aged 10-18 years old taken through concecutive sampling at the Thalassemia Center dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital Jakarta. Nutritional status was evaluated and anthropometric measurements was performed including  mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skin thickness (TSK), and mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC). Macronutrient and micronutrient intake was obtained through a three-day food record. Muscle mass percentage, fat mass percentage, and BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to examine vitamin D levels. The data was analyzed by Pearson and Spearman correlation depending on the type of distribution. Result: Moderate malnourish occurred in 58.2% subjects and severe malnourish in 9,1% subjects. The mean and median daily nutrient intake compared to their needs in male subjects were energy intake 85.6% (SD 20.19), protein 55% (SD 14.19), fat 112.4% (SD 35.48), carbohydrates 85.5% (SD 23.31), vitamin D 29% (IQR 15.68-40.80), vitamin E 34.1% (SD 14.77), calcium 37% (IQR 16.63-43, 45), and folic acid 32.98% (SD 14.6), while in female subjects, energy intake were 93.6% (SD 18.61), protein 59% (IQR 51-63), fat 112.4% (IQR 105-142.5), carbohydrates 93.3% (SD 25.5), vitamin D 22% (IQR 13.65-43), vitamin E 24% (IQR 21.65-39.7), calcium 35 .7% (IQR 20.45-55.6), and folic acid 26.3% (IQR 16.2-41.15). There was a mild correlation between energy intake and fat mass percentage in male and female subjects (r= 0,25, p= 0,017; r= 0,38, p= 0,02). There was no correlation between carbohydrate, fat, and proteis, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium, and folic acid on the proportion of muscle mass percentage, fat mass percentage, and BMD. Vitamin D levels were not correlated with body composition. There were strong correlation between MUAC and MUAMC with the percentage of muscle mass (r= 0.54, p<0.001; r= 0.68, p <0.001) and fat mass (r=0.77, p<0.001; r= 0.61 , p < 0.001). Conclusion: More than half of adolescent TM patients are malnourished and lack protein intake. Body composition correlates with total calorie intake, but not with anything else. Vitamin D levels are not correlated with body composition. Mid-upper arm circumference and MUAMC correlate with the percentage of muscle mass and fat mass.

Abstrak :
Bayi membutuhkan ASI sebagai makanan tunggal terbaik pada enam bulan pertama kehidupan. Lemak dalam ASI menyumbang bagian terbesar energi bayi yang dipengaruhi berbagai faktor, termasuk faktor ibu. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilaksanakan untuk mencari korelasi antara kadar lemak ASI dengan komposisi tubuh dan asupan energi dan zat gizi makro pada 48 orang ibu menyusui di RSIA Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta. Penelitian ini tidak menemukan adanya korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar lemak ASI dengan massa lemak tubuh, cairan tubuh total, massa otot, serta asupan energi, lemak, karbohidrat, protein, dan air. ......The infant needs breast milk as the best sole food for the first sixth month of life. Breast milk fat content accounted for the largest part of infant energy that influenced by many factors, including maternal factor. This cross-sectional study was conducted to find correlation between the breast milk fat content and maternal body composition, and also energy and macronutrient intake among 48 nursing mothers in RSIA Budi Kemuliaan, Jakarta. This study did not find significant correlation between the fat content of breast milk and body fat, total body water, muscle mass, intake of energy, fat, carbohydrate, protein, and water.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Prevalensi obesitas pada populasi dewasa di dunia pada tahun 2014 hampir mencapai 13, sementara di Indonesia telah mencapai 32,9 pada tahun yang sama. Obesitas merupakan faktor risiko berbagai penyakit tidak menular yaitu diabetes tipe 2 ataupun penyakit kardiovaskular. Sebagian besar orang yang berhasil menurunkan berat badan gagal mempertahankannya dan mengalami kenaikan berat badan berulang weight cycling. Berbagai penelitian tentang program diet memberikan hasil yang berbeda-beda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi perubahan komposisi tubuh dengan diet kalori rendah protein tinggi dibandingkan dengan protein standar pada penyandang obesitas dengan riwayat weight cycling. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji coba klinis acak terbuka pada penyandang obesitas dengan weight cycling. Sebanyak 61 penyandang obesitas mengikuti penelitian ini. Subjek diberikan diet kalori rendah dan secara acak didistribusikan ke dalam dua kelompok intervensi, yaitu kelompok protein tinggi 22 ndash;30 dari total asupan kalori dan kelompok protein seimbang 12 ndash;20 . Antropometri dan data komposisi tubuh diambil pada awal dan akhir penelitian. Subyek diikuti hingga 8 minggu, diberikan buku catatan makan harian dan konseling seminggu sekali. Hasil: 54 peserta menyelesaikan penelitian. Terdapat penurunan yang signifikan dalam berat badan dan indeks massa tubuh IMT , massa lemak, persentase massa lemak, massa otot, dan kenaikan persentase massa otot terjadi pada kedua kelompok protein seimbang: p

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Background: The world prevalence of obesity in the adult population in 2014 was nearly 13 while in Indonesia, it has reached 32.9 in the same year. Obesity is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. A large proportion of people who had succeeded to reduce body weight failed to maintain it and underwent weight gain repeatedly weight cycling. Studies have been inconclusive about the best diet programme for such people. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the body composition changes resulting from low calorie high protein and standard protein diet programme in obese people with a history of weight cycling. Methods: This is an open randomized clinical trial of a weight loss program in obese individuals with weight cycling. A total of 61 adult obese individuals with a history of weight cycling were recruited. Subjects were assigned to a low calorie diet and were randomly distributed into two intervention groups, namely high protein group 22 ndash 30 of total caloric intake and standard protein group 12 ndash 20. Anthropometry and body composition data were taken at baseline and at the end of the study. Subjects were followed up to 8 weeks, with daily reminders and weekly counselling. Results: 54 participants completed the study. Significant reductions in body weight and body mass index BMI , fat mass, fat mass percentage, muscle mass, and gain in muscle mass percentage occurred in both groups Standard protein p