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Jakarta: Gatra Pustaka, 2021
796.077 ATL
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Meily Badriati
"Penelitian ini menelaah dominasi pemilik modal dan resistensi pekerja media: seperti apakah interplay yang didorong oleh habitus masing-masing dalam memperebutkan kapital?
Ini adalah kajian ekonomi politik media massa dengan paradigma ekonomi politik kritis konsrruktivis, yang menekankan interplay antara struktur dan agensi. Konsep kelas Pierre Bourdieu juga contradictory class dari Karl Marx muncul pada kerangka pemikiran.
Konsep habitus dan field dari Pierre Bourdieu, serta teori strukturasi Anthony Giddens juga dipakai Alasannya, dua pemikir ini sama-sama menaruh perhatian pada obyektivisrne (keagenan dan agen diabaikan) dan subyektivisme (mengagungkan tindakan dan pengalaman individu diatas gejala keseluruhan). Namun pisau analisis utama adalah habitus elan fieldnya Bourdieu -- yang dikaitkan ke class analysisnya Marx.
Penelitian ini menerapkan paradigma ktitis dengan metode studi kasus. Studi single case multi level analysis ini menganalisis level makro, meso dan mikro.
Analisis level makro dipusatkan pada konteks perubahan ekonomi dan politik Indonesia orde bare sampai pasca orde barn, juga relasi pernilik Gatra Bob Hasan dengan Orde Baru dan reformasi, serta kondisi makro industri pers di-Indonesia.
Pada level peso, studi dipusatkan pada proses produksi media. Ada 4 arena pertarungan yang dianalisis: (1) posisi pengambilan keputusan dalam Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham, dan kepemilikan pekerja atas 25% saham, (2) serikat pekerja, (3) kebijakan pemberitaan, (4) percetakan.
Pada level mikro, teks berita Gatra yang ada kaitannya dengan pemilik modal dianalisis dengan framing Gamson dan Modigliani. Berikut temuan yang didapat:
Krisis moneter 1997 Asia ternyata berdampak besar pada Gatra. Krisis ekonomi, plus aturan baru tentang pers pasca orde baru membuat Gatra harus bcrjuang untuk tetap eksis. Berbagai upaya pun dilakukan, termasuk melakukan resistensi atas dominasi pemilik modal.
Pertama, pemberian saham 25% yang diberikan cuma-cuma, temyata justru sering menyulitkan pekerja. Terutama bila perusahaan dalam kondisi tidak sehat. Kepemilikan saham 25% justru melanggengkan dominasi pernilik modal
Kedua, pada arena serikat pekerja (SP), terjadi interplay antara pekerja dan pemilik modal. Interplay yang dimaksud adalah tarik menarik antara keputusan mendirikan dan tidak mendirikan SP. Lagi-lagi alasan bahwa pekerja ikut "memiliki perusahaan" menjadi alasan pelarangan dari pemilik modal Tapi pekerja berhasil menjalankan strategi agar fungsi dad SP tetap ada, dengan mengubah fungsi koperasi karyawan.
Ketiga, pada arena kebijakan pemberitaan, resistensi juga dilakukan. Masukan Bob Hasan tidak serta merta diterima. Telpon dari pemilik modal sering diabaikan pekerja. Resistensi pekerja juga berhasil mengubah hari edar kembali ke Senin. Sementara pada teks, hampir semua berita mengenai Bob Hasan ditulis. Dan meski menulis tentang korupsi Bob Hasan, tetap terlihat upaya untuk `menghaluskannya'.
Keempat, pada arena percetakan, banyak sekali pertarungan terjadi. Di satu sisi, pekerja media ingin mengganti percetakan karena adanya perjanjian denda. Sisi yang lain, percetakan tersebut adalah kepunyaan dan pemilik modal de facto. Proses negosiasi yang alot yang dilakukan antara pekerja dengan pemilik modal de jure yang juga sebagai CEO, tidak membuahkan hasil. Pekerja, sempat berhasil mencetak Calm di Iuar Enka. Tapi, akhirnya lahir kekerasan simbolis dad pemilik modal untuk mempertahankan dominasi.
Penelitian ini memberi implikasi teoritis: konteks ruang dan waktu penting dan tidak bisa dipisahkan dari pertarungan-pertarungan yang terjadi. Ini menguatkan Bourdieu maupun Giddens yang sangat mementingkan konsteks ruang dan waktu. Studi kasus ini juga makin menguatkan bahwa pemikiran Bourdieu bisa menjadi benang merah penghubung dengan pemikiran Marxis lainnya.
Studi ini menguatkan apa yang dikatakan Bourdieu: dominasi selalu berhadapan dengan resistensi. Kelompok dominan, selalu berusaha untuk mereproduksi kekuasaan, salah satunya lewat kekerasan simbolis.
Studi ini juga memberi penguatan pada konsep habitus yang diciptakan melalui praktek sosial yang didapat dari pengalaman dan pengajaran, sedangkan praktek sosial merupakan produk interaksi antara habitus dan arena. Dan habitus masing-masing kelompok, jelas berbeda.
Dikaitkan dengan analysis class nya Marx, tentang sifat-sifat kelas yang berada pada wilayah kontradiktori, temuan penelitian ini mcnunjukkan sisi lain analisis itu. jika manajer puncak bukan dari kelas pekerja, maka teori Marx tentang contradictory class bahwa CEO sedikit sekali berbeda dengan kelas kapitalis, adalah benar. Namun jika is lahir dari kelas pekerja, maka sikap CEO akan cenderung ke kelas pekerja karena memiliki habitus yang_sama dengan pekerja.
Sementara manajer menengah tidak selalu bersikap ambigu, malah ditemukan, manajer menengah lebih cenderung ke kelas pekerja. Ini lagi-lagi karena kesamaan habitus. Toh pada kasus tertentu, manajer puncak dan menengah sepakat berbeda dengan kelas pekerja.
Jadi teori Marx mengenai sifat-sifat kelas kontxadiktif harus diterapkan lebih luwes. Sebab, hal ini tergantung pada habitus manajer puncak dan menengah, serta tergantung pula pada kasus-kasus yang spesifik.

This research focus on owner domination and newsworker resistence: on the kind of interplay that being pushed by each other "habitus" to win over capital?
This is an economy politics research on mass media, using constructive critical economy politics paradigm, with emphasis on interplay between structure and agency. "Class" concept from Pierre Bourdieu -- also the concept of "contradictory class" from Karl Marx --will appears. Pierre Bourdieu's other concept, "habitus dan field", and Anthony Giddens's "theory of structuration" also appears_ But the main analysis will came from Pierre Bourdieu's "habitus dan field" which being linked to Marx's "class analysis"
This research apply critical paradigm with single case multi level analysis study. On macro level, analysis focused on the context of economy and political change during New Order era and after. And then also focusing on the role of Bob Hasan, the owner of Gatra, during that change. On Meso level, this study focus on Gatra productions process. On micro level, every Gatras article which mentions the owner, will be analized with Gamson's and Modigliani's framing. And this is the findings:
Asia monetary crisis, in 1997, had a very big impact on Gatra. This economy crisis, along with new regulations about press makes Gatra struggling hard to keep its existence. Gatra 's news workers do everything they could, even campaigning resistence to the owner domination. But this only lead us to four conclusion:
First, the 25% share of the company that news workers get for free (because of government regulations), in reality only became a burden. In fact, its only preserve owner dominations.
Second, in the field of serikat pekerja (SP), or workers union, the owner and the worker pull strength in the issue of establishing the workers union. At the end, when the owner insist to ban the union, the worker use another strategy: altering the functions of their koperasi (economic corporations) to perform as workers union.
Third, in the field of news contents, the workers also exercise resistence. Bob Hasan's input about news, almost never be accepted_ The workers usually turn down the owner's phone call. The workers resistence also can change the time of publications, from Friday to monday.
And fourth, in the field of choosing printing company, the workers and the owner also engage in conflict. The workers want to change the printing house due to their bad performance and silly contract, but since the printing house also owned by the same person as the magazine, its becaming impossible. At the end, the owner use symbolic violence to maintain their domination.
This research has some theoretical implications: time and space context is important, and cannot be separated from the conflict. This is strengthening what Bourdieu's and Giddens's already said. This case study also strengthening the fact that Bourdieu's thinking can becaming a bridge for other Marxist thoughts. This case study underlined what Bourdieu always said: domination will invite resistence. Arid dominant class, will always try to reproduce power, and the way to do it is by practicing symbolic violence.
This Study also strengthening the "habitus" concept which being created by social practices trough experiences and learning process. Social practices is a product of interaction between the "habitus" and the "field". And every class's "habitus" is surely different.
If we linked this with Marx's class analysis, about the attitude of the contradictory class, this research findings shows another side of that analysis. If the top manager not come from the working class, Marx's contradictory class theory which says that CEO is not that different from the capitalist is proven. But if that top manager came from the working class, his options will much closer to the working class, because of their similar "habitus".
Meanwhile, the mid-level manager is not always ambiguous. This study found evidence that they are tend to support the working class. And this is, again, because of their similar "habitus". But, in some cases, also proven that these top and mid-level manager can act differently than the working class.
So, Marx's theory about the contradictory class's attitude has to be implemented more loose. Because it always depend on the manager's "habitus", and also depend on the specific cases."
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2005
T22549
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Suwono
"The Construction by the Mass Media of the Prison Reality. (Critical Discourse Analysis) About the Reporting of Punishment Reduction of Tommy Soeharto, Bob Hasan and Zarima, Family Meeting of Tommy Soeharto and the Permission to Consult a Doctor of Bob Hasan in The Year 2003The print and electronic media are events flourishing right now. They seem to compete with each other in finding sensational to write about. All the more so, when the objects of the news have value in selling. They are so keen to write the news and didn't want to know whether the news will disturb the subject's rights or not. The subjects of the print media who are the topic of this research are Tommy Soeharto, Bob Hasan, Zanma They became an commodity. Because of the reporting of them , they were violated , so the society have the same negative opinion as the media. The society considered that they were guilty and they were criminals. Who did not deserve to be given rights while living in prison?. It can be seen from the news which was published the media. The media placed them as criminal and they are controversial objects. It's negative attitudes are directed not only to the inmates but also to the prison_ Arrogantly media accused the prison of spoil the inmates. Media also did not want to acknowledge that prisons have the responsibility of giving prisoners their rights inmates' rights either; even their rights are the prison obligation.
Through critical discourse analysis we can discover why and how the media presented the news and the hidden motif behind the texts. Then the criminologist will knew what the media did and ignore the truth of the reality. The media has done the wrong things. The research found that the print media was wrong and the reality which posed was virtual reality and it was because of economic motif. The media spread it stigmatization and hating to get the sympathy of the society, so that the society will behave like the media did. The society both the inmates and the prison. In this case there was an unbalanced battle between the prison and the media If it's still going on, so the media deviates From it's role as a socialization agent The media passes on the deviance to public because of the wrong news.
(5 introduction pages + 6 tables + 198 content pages + 46 references + 18 appendices + 5 internet).
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Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2004
T13914
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library