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Abstrak :
Ampas tebu berpotensi besar untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi produk yang bernilai tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan biochar dari ampas tebu melalui proses pirolisis dengan impregnasi logam dan proses aktivasi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor. Logam natrium dan nikel dapat memperbesar luas permukaan dan membentuk pori biochar sehingga dapat menghasilkan kinerja superkapasitor yang baik. Kandungan logam natrium dan nikel divariasikan sebesar 0%, 5%, 10%, suhu pirolisis pada 450 °C, 500 °C, 550 °C, dan suhu aktivasi pada 600°C dan 700°C. Karakterisasi dengan BET untuk mengetahui luas permukaan spesifik dan ukuran pori biochar, SEM untuk mengetahui morfologi biochar, dan band gap energy untuk mengetahui sifat konduktivitas biochar. Uji kinerja superkapasitor dilakukan dengan metode cyclic voltammetry menggunakan elektrolit KOH 3 M untuk mengetahui nilai kapasitansi. Didapatkan bahwa biochar terimpregnasi logam Ni 10% yang dipirolisis pada suhu 550 °C dan diaktivasi pada suhu 700 °C merupakan sampel terbaik untuk digunakan sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor yang dilihat dari terksturnya berpori, luas permukaan sebesar 285,202 m2/g, band gap energy sebesar 1 eV, dan diperoleh nilai kapasitansi spesifik sebesar 103,292 F/g yang menunjukkan bahwa biochar dapat digunakan sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor. ......Sugarcane bagasse has great potential to be used as a high-value product. This study aims to produce biochar from sugarcane bagasse through a pyrolysis process with metal impregnation and activation process to be used as a supercapacitor electrode material. Sodium and nickel metals can increase the surface area and form biochar pores so that they can produce good supercapacitor performance. The contents of sodium and nickel were varied by 0%, 5%, 10%, pyrolysis temperature at 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, and activation temperature at 600°C and 700°C. Characterization with BET to determine the specific surface area and pore size of biochar, SEM to determine the morphology of biochar, and band gap energy to determine the conductivity properties of biochar. The supercapacitor performance test was carried out using the cyclic voltammetry method using 3 M KOH electrolyte to determine the capacitance value. It was found that 10% Ni metal impregnated biochar which was pyrolyzed at 550 °C and activated at 700 °C was the best sample for use as a supercapacitor electrode material as seen from its porous texture, surface area of 285,202 m2/g, band gap energy of 1 eV, and a specific capacitance value of 103.292 F/g was obtained which indicated that biochar could be used as a supercapacitor electrode material.

Abstrak :
Eceng gondok sebagai gulma air berkembang dengan sangat pesat dalam perairan tawar. Ia sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai energi terbarukan. Dengan tingginya kandungan karbon dan lignin, ia dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pembuatan biochar sebagai elektroda superkapasitor. Superkapasitor terdiri atas elektroda, elektrolit berupa KOH, binder berupa PVA, crosslinking agent berupa asam sitrat, dan separator berupa kertas saring. Elektroda dengan impregnasi nikel akan dijadikan sebagai superkapasitor simetris, sedangkan untuk superkapasitor asimetris digunakan hasil impregnasi nikel sebagai anoda dan hasil impregnasi Fe2O3 sebagai katoda. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan 3 variabel bebas berupa persentase berat impregnasi logam, waktu aktivasi, dan konsentrasi elektrolit. Setelah dirangkai menjadi superkapasitor, hasil sampel dari seluruh variasi diuji dengan multimeter digital untuk mengetahui nilai kapasitansinya. Sampel yang berhasil memperoleh nilai kapasitansi tertinggi (146,72 F/g) adalah sampel 26, yaitu superkapasitor asimetris dengan 15% bahan impregnasi pada setiap sisi elektrodanya, waktu aktivasi selama 90 menit, dan elektrolit KOH sebesar 6 M. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat efek sinergis dari penggunaan bahan impregnasi yang berbeda pada kedua elektroda, serta terdapat pengaruh dari adanya variasi ketiga variabel bebas tersebut. Hasil SEM EDX menunjukkan permukaan biochar dengan distribusi pori yang banyak. Hasil XRF menunjukkan komposisi biochar dan akurasi proses impregnasi yang baik. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan adanya intensitas gugus fungsional yang lebih tinggi dengan adanya peningkatan persentase bahan impregnasi. Hasil band gap energy menunjukkan sampel 26 memiliki sifat semikonduktor dengan band gap energy sebesar 1,0793 eV. Oleh karena itu, seluruh hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa biochar eceng gondok hasil pirolisis, impregnasi, dan aktivasi dapat berfungsi sebagai penyimpan energi yang baik. ......Water hyacinth as a water weed grows very rapidly in fresh waters. It has great potential to be developed as renewable energy. With its high carbon and lignin content, it can be used to make biochar as a supercapacitor electrode. The supercapacitor circuit consists of electrodes, KOH electrolyte, PVA as binder, citric acid as crosslinking agent, and filter paper as separator. Electrodes with nickel impregnation will be used as symmetric supercapacitors, while for asymmetric supercapacitors the nickel impregnation is used as anode and Fe2O3 impregnation as cathode. In this research, 3 independent variations were used, including the weight percentage of metal impregnation, activation time, and electrolyte concentration. After being assembled as a supercapacitor, the sample results from all variations were tested with a digital multimeter to determine the capacitance value. The sample with highest capacitance value (146,72 F/g) was sample 26, which was an asymmetric supercapacitor with 15% impregnation material on each side of the electrode, an activation time of 90 minutes, and a KOH electrolyte of 6 M. This shows that there is a synergistic effect from the use of different impregnation materials on both electrodes, and there is an influence from variations in the 3 independent variables. SEM EDX results show the biochar surface with a large distribution of pores. XRF results show the biochar composition and good accuracy of the impregnation process. FTIR results show a higher intensity of functional groups with an increase in the percentage of impregnating material. Band gap energy results show that sample 26 has semiconductor properties with a band gap energy of 1.0793 eV. Therefore, all the characterization results show that water hyacinth biochar resulting from pyrolysis, impregnation, and activation can function as a good energy storage.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Undang-undang RI No. 19 tahun 2009, pengesahan konvensi Stockholm tentang bahan pencemar organik yang persisten, dan telah melarang penggunaan kategori insektisida yaitu aldrin, klordan, dieldrin, endrin, heptaklor, heksaklorobenzena, mirex, toxaphene dan poliklorinatbifenil (PCB), serta membatasi penggunaan insektisida diklorodifenildikloroetana (DDT). Faktanya, keberadaan insektisida organoklorin tersebut masih ditemukan di tanah sawah Kabupaten Karawang yaitu aldrin, DDT, endosulfan, endrin, heptaklor dan lindan dengan konsentrasi berkisar antara 1,5 ng/g sampai dengan 5,37 ng/g. Teknologi pengendalian residu pestisida dapat dilakukan melalui ameliorasi secara biologi dengan bioremediasi, secara fisika dengan adsorpsi arang aktif, sedangkan, secara kimia melalui penambahan alum dan lain-lain. Bioaugmentasi adalah introduksi mikroba tertentu pada daerah yang akan diremediasi. Bakteri tempatan potensial pendegradasi heptaklor hasil isolasi adalah Citrobacter sp. Setelah diidentifikasi dengan 16S rRNA, bakteri tersebut adalah Raoultella ornithinolytica B4, bakteri ini golongan Enterobacteriaceae, Gram negatif, dan menghasilkan enzim katalase. Biochar tempurung kelapa (BTK) memiliki sifat adsorben berdasarkan nilai daya serap iod sebesar 570,22 mg/g, luas permukaannya 371,943 m2/g, dan diameter pori 0,4-7,0 mm karena proses karbonasi 300 oC menghasilkan ukuran makropori. Hasil uji adsorpsi BTK 5% (b/b) terhadap heptaklor 2 mg/L secara adsorpsi fisik, terlihat dari persamaan Langmuir memiliki linearitas y=1,704x ? 0,002, kapasitas adsorpsinya 1,704 mg/g, dengan efisiensi adsorpsinya sebesar 75,01%. Proses bioaugmentasi tanah sawah tercemar heptaklor oleh bakteri tempatan Raoultella ornithinolytica B4 dengan bantuan BTK 5%, menghasilkan degradasi heptaklor (Rt 11,31 menit) menjadi 1-hidroksiklordene (Rt 12,38 menit), dengan nilai efisiensi remediasi sebesar 75,38%.

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ABSTRACT
The regulation of Republic of Indonesia No. 19 in 2009, about the ratification of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutans (POPs), that bann the use of insecticides category, namely aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and as well as the restriction use of insecticide dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDT). In fact, the presence of insecticides organochlorine are still found on paddy filed, from nine villages and sub-districts in Karawang contained seven types, they are aldrin, DDT, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor and lindane concentrations in the district ranges from 0.3 ng/g in up to 5.37 ng/g. Bioaugmentation is the applications of indigenous or allochthonous wide type or genetically modified microorganisms to hazardous waste polluted sites in order to accelerate the removal of undesired compounds. Indigenous Bacteria that is potential to degrade heptachlor is obtained from the isolation of Citrobacter sp and finally identified by 16S rRNA identification technique, that this bacteria is Raoultella ornithinolytica B4 which is classified as a group of bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae, as a Gram-negative, and produce the enzyme catalase. Biochar coconut shell (BCS) as adsorbent was tested for its quality by SNI-06-3730-1995 method. It has a water content of 11.88% (w/w), ash content of 3.32%, an easily evaporated substance content of 13.61%, bounded carbon to 71.20%, and iod number of 570.22 mg/g. The adsorption result of BCS 5% (w/w) to heptachlor was 2 mg/L which was fit with physical adsorption of Langmuir equation with adsorption linearity y = 1,704x - 0,002, adsorption capacity of 1.704 mg / g, so BCS can adsorb heptachlor well. Bioaugmentation using single strain of R. ornithinolytica B4 successful for removal of heptachlor with efficiency was observed in 35 days incubation was 75.38%, and heptachlor (11,31 minute) degraded to 1-hydroxychlordene (12,38 minute).

Abstrak :
Industri ban menyerap sekitar 80% produksi karet dunia dengan kebutuhan carbon black sebanyak 240.000 ton per tahun. Carbon black (CB) umumnya digunakan sebagai filler karet ban untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan memberikan pigmen warna hitam. Sampai saat ini,70% kebutuhan CB masih diimpor dari China dan India. Lignin TKKS merupakan senyawa aromatik dengan kandungan karbon sebesar 60% yang berpotensi sebagai reinforcing filler karet ban setelah terdekomposisi menjadi biochar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh karakteristik unsur dan morfologi nano-biochar pada suhu 400, 500, dan 600oC serta memperoleh pengaruh rasio nano-biochar terhadap CB N330 pada sifat mekanis karet ban. Nano-biochar pada setiap suhu dianalisis karakteristik fisika-kimianya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan yield biochar berkurang seiring dengan meningkatnya suhu pirolisis. Jumlah fixed carbon dan kandungan karbon tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu pirolisis 600oC. Sementara itu, luas permukaan biochar tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu pirolisis 500oC sebesar 86,79 m2/g.  Struktur biochar yang lebih berpori diperoleh pada suhu 600oC. Sifat mekanis karet ban lebih tinggi pada tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus 100%, tear strength, dan hardness diperoleh ketika SBR dicampur dengan filler 25% nano-biochar. Hal ini membuktikan potensi biochar sebagai komplemen karbon CB N330 dalam meningkatkan sifat mekanis karet ban. ......The tire industry absorbs about 80% of the world's rubber production with a carbon black requirement of 240,000 tons per year. Carbon black (CB) is commonly used as a tire rubber filler to improve mechanical properties and provide black pigment. Until now, 70% of CB needs are still imported from China and India. Lignin of TKKS is an aromatic compound with a carbon content of 60% which has the potential as a reinforcing filler for tire rubber after being decomposed into biochar. This study aims to obtain the elemental and morphological characteristics of nano-biochar at temperatures of 400, 500, and 600oC and to obtain the effect of the ratio of nano-biochar to CB N330 on the mechanical properties of tire rubber. Nano-biochar at each temperature was analyzed for its physico-chemical characteristics. The results showed that the biochar yield decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The highest amount of fixed carbon and carbon content was obtained at 600oC pyrolysis temperature. Meanwhile, the highest biochar surface area was obtained at 500oC pyrolysis temperature of 86.79 m2/g.  A more porous biochar structure was obtained at 600°C. Higher mechanical properties of tire rubber in tensile strength, elongation at break, 100% modulus, tear strength, and hardness were obtained when SBR was mixed with 25% nano-biochar filler. This proves the potential of biochar as a complement to CB N330 carbon in improving the mechanical properties of tire rubber.

Abstrak :
Interest in using biomass energy as an alternative to fossil fuels has advanced in recent years. This study aimed to assess the effects of torrefaction on the quality of pyrolysis products. Oil palm biomass, such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), mesocarp fiber (MF) and palm kernel shell (PKS) were either untreated (untorrefied) or torrefied (treated), and subsequently pyrolyzed. The experiment’s conditions for torrefaction were set to be a 220°C temperature, a 10°C/min heating rate, and 30 minutes holding time, and for pyrolysis they were set to a 650°C temperature, 20°C/min heating rate and 2 hours holding time. The nitrogen flow rate of 2L/min was maintained for both experiments. The results revealed that the torrefaction pretreatment improved the heating value of the torrefied biomass to 18–21 MJkg-1 from the previous value of 16–19 MJkg-1 for the untorrefied biomass. During torrefaction, the PKS showed a high solid yield of 95% due to high lignin content. The higher heating value (HHV) of the biochar and bio-oil derived from untorrefied and torrefied biomass were between 26–30 MJkg-1 and 16–17 MJkg-1 for the former, and 28–31 MJkg-1, and 17–20 MJkg-1 for the latter. The maximum HHV of 31.2 MJkg-1 was obtained from torrefied PKS biochar. The pyrolysis of torrefied biomass gave higher quality biochar and bio-oil compared to untorrefied biomass. The bio-oil acquired from the pyrolysis of the torrefied sample is less acidic and has a higher calorific value in comparison with the bio-oil obtained from the untorrefied sample. MF and PKS have demonstrated a superior outcome after torrefaction. In this way, the PKS and MF were identified as better biomass for torrefaction and pyrolysis compared to EFB.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Endosulfan adalah salah satu senyawa POPs organoklorin pada era revolusi hijau yang disukai petani karena kemanjurannya. Namun saat ini masih ditemukan di lapang. Endosulfan bersifat persisten, bioakumulatif, dan sangat toksik terhadap makrobiota. Keberadaan endosulfan harus dipantau dan dilakukan upaya reduksinya agar tidak mencemari lingkungan, dan untuk keamanan pangan, serta memenuhi ketentuan Konvensi Stockholm. Sekitar 18,12 dari total tanah sawah di Kabupaten Jombang telah terkontaminasi endosulfan dengan kategori telah melebihi Batas Maksimum Residu BMR dan 22,5 di bawah BMR. Upaya remediasi harus dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan sumberdaya lokal di Kabupaten Jombang seperti limbah tongkol jagung dan pupuk kandang. Limbah tongkol jagung belum optimal dimanfaatkan. Biochar dari limbah tongkol jagung berpotensi untuk memperbaiki tanah sawah terkontaminasi endosulfan. Penelitian ini bertujuan 1 mengetahui kemampuan teknologi remediasi dengan limbah pertanian berbasis sumberdaya lokal dalam memperbaiki kualitas tanah sawah dan produk pertanian tercemar insektisida endosulfan, 2 mengkaji dampak teknologi remediasi dengan limbah pertanian berbasis sumberdaya lokal pada tanah sawah tercemar endosulfan dengan menggunakan perangkat valuasi ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan dan 3 membangun model statistik remediasi berkelanjutan dengan limbah pertanian berbasis sumberdaya lokal pada tanah sawah tercemar endosulfan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2015-Mei 2016 dengan metode survey dan eksperimen di rumah kaca. Eksperimen di rumah kaca menggunakan rancangan percobaan acak lengkap dengan tujuh perlakuan kombinasi biochar dan kompos kotoran ternak yang diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 1 Teknologi remediasi tanah sawah tercemar insektisida endosulfan dengan limbah pertanian dapat memperbaiki kualitas tanah dan produk pertanian padi . Kombinasi biochar tongkol jagung dan kompos kotoran sapi atau ayam 1:4 efektif sebagai bahan pembenah tanah untuk remediasi tanah sawah tercemar residu insektisida endosulfan dengan kemampuan mempercepat penurunan ?-endosulfan hingga lebih rendah dari konsentrasi BMR < 0,0085 ppm berkisar 66,5 - 70,9 dengan waktu remediasi selama 74 hari 21 hari lebih cepat daripada tanpa remediasi ; Kombinasi biochar tongkol jagung dengan pupuk kandang sapi atau ayam pada nisbah 1:4 dapat menurunkan residu metabolit endosulfan sulfat hingga di bawah BMR < 0,0085 ppm masing-masing sebesar 1,8 -67,3 pada MT I, dan 49,7 -67,7 pada MT II dan terjadi pada kondisi anaerob; Kombinasi biochar dan kompos kotoran ternak mampu meningkatkan kesuburan tanah antara lain pH, P tersedia, C organik tanah, N total, dan populasi bakteri dalam tanah; serta meningkatkan hasil padi 10-13 2 Teknologi remediasi dengan memanfaatkan biochar tongkol jagung yang dikombinasi dengan kompos kotoran ayam atau sapi dapat memberikan dampak positif pada aspek ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan sehingga inovasi tersebut dapat diterima oleh petani; dan 3 Model statistik remediasi tanah sawah Inceptisol tercemar residu endosulfan dengan memanfaatkan limbah pertanian dapat dibangun dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik tanah terutama kandungan C-organik tanah dan populasi bakteri total dalam tanah.Kata kunci: limbah tongkol jagung, kompos kotoran sapi, kompos kotoran ayam biochar, remediasi, endosulfan, keberlanjutan

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ABSTRACT
Endosulfan is one of POPs organochlorine compounds on green revolution era that was mostly preferred by farmers because of its efficacy. However, it still found in the field. Endosulfan is persistent, bio accumulative, and most toxic on macrobiota. Its existence in soil must be monitored and its reduction must be controlled so that it do not contaminate the environment and food safety and comply Stockholm Convention. About 18.12 of total rice fields in Jombang districts has contaminated by endosulfan that has been over Maximum Residue Limits MRLs and 22,5 less of MRLs. Remediation should be done by using local sources such as corn cob waste and compost of cattle manure. In fact, the waste of corn cob has not used optimally yet. Biochar from corn cob waste has the potency to remediate rice fields contaminated endosulfan. The research objectives were 1 to determine ability of remediation technology using agricultural wastes based local resources in improving quality of paddy soil and agricultural products that polluted by endosulfan insecticide, 2 to study the impacts of remediation technology using agricultural wastes based local resources in rice fields contaminated by endosulfan through economic, social, and environment valuation instruments, and 3 to arrange statistical model of sustainable remediation using agricultural waste based local resources in rice field contaminated by endosulfan. The research was conducted from June 2015 till May 2016 using survey and screen house experiment methods. The screen house experiment was arranged using completely randomized design with seven treatment of combination of corn cob biochar and farmyard manure with three replicates. The research result showed that 1 remediation technology of rice fields contaminated by endosulfan using agricultural waste as a soil amendment could improve the quality of paddy soil and rice products. The combination of corn cob biochar and compost of cattle manure or chicken manure 1 4 could effectively remediate rice field contaminated by endosulfan insecticide till less than MRLs 0.0085 ppm as much as 66.5 ndash 70.9 . The time of remediation to reduce the residue up to less than MRLs was 74 days 21 days faster than without remediation . The combination of corn cob biochar and cattle manure or chicken manure with 1 4 ratio could decrease endosulfan sulfate metabolite less MRLs 0,0085 ppm 1.8 67.3 in 1st cropping season and 49.7 67.7 2nd cropping season , respectively, that a decrease is in anaerobe condition Soil amendment could increase soil fertility, i.e. pH, available P, soil organic C, total N, and bacteria population and increased 10 13 of rice yield 2 remediation technology using corn cob biochar combined manure from either cattle or chicken could impact positively on aspects of economy, social, and environment so that innovation could be acceptable by farmers and 3 statistical model of remediation of Inceptisol rice field that contaminated by endosulfan using agricultural waste could be built with considering soil characteristic especially organic C and soil bacteria total factors. Its usage was suitable with level of endosulfan contamination and has some similarities ecological characteristics.Keywords corn cob waste, cattle manure compost, chicken manure compost, biochar, remediation, endosulfan, sustainability.