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"Masalah gizi di Indonesia menunjukkan adanya transisi epidemiologis, dimana penyakit pembunuh yang dulu hanya didominasi oleh penyakit infeksi, kini meningkat disebabkan oleh penyumbatan pembuluh darah yang merupakan ciri penyakit modem. Penyebabnya antara lain gaya hidup sebagian anggota masyarakat yang cenderung lebih bersifat sedentary life style dengan pola makan salah. Salah satu jenis asupan asam lemak selain asam lemak jenuh yang menjadi sorotan akhir-akhir ini adalah asam lemak trans yang dapat meningkatkan kolesterol LDL (K-LDL), rasio kolesterol total/K-HDL, rasio K-LDL/K-HDL dan menurunkan kolesterol HDL (K-HDL). Asam lemak trans secara alami terdapat pada ruminansia dan hasil proses menggoreng (deep frying) Serta margarin/produk makanan jadi yang menggunakan minyak terhidrognasi.

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Nutrition related problems in Indonesia has showed the epidemiological transition, from the domination of infectious diseases to blood vessel clotting related diseases which is typical to be a modern disease. One of the reasons is that the life style of some society tends to become so called a sedentary life style, with an improper eating pattern. Another type of the intake of fatty acid from saturated fatty acid, namely trans fatty acid has recently come into consideration as it can elevating such LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), ratio of total co|esterol/HDL-C, ratio of LDL- CIHDL-C, and decreasing the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). By nature, the trans fatty has found in the ruminant and the products of deep frying processes, as well as margarine food that processed with hydrogenated vegetable oil."

"Penelitian sebelumnya telah membuktikan adanya korelasi negatif antara kadar asam lemak trans (TFA) dan DHA ASI. Penelitian pada fibroblas manusia menunjukkan bahwa TFA dapat menurunkan availabilitas DHA dengan menghambat proses biosintesis DHA dari alpha-linolenic acid dan inkorporasinya pada lemak membran, termasuk ASI. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengetahui korelasi asupan TFA ibu menyusui terhadap kadar DHA ASI. Studi potong lintang dilakukan dengan menggunakan consecutive sampling yang melibatkan 80 orang subjek ibu menyusui sehat pada 1-6 bulan postpartum berusia 20-35 tahun di Puskesmas Cilincing, Jakarta Utara, dan Puskesmas Grogol Petamburan, Jakarta Barat, pada bulan Februari-April 2019 Asupan asam trans, DHA, asam lemak jenuh, dan asam lemak omega-3 dinilai dengan menggunakan food frequency questionnaire semi kuantitatif dan dihitung rasio asupan TFA-DHA. Spesimen ASI diambil secara post-feed pada pagi hari. Kadar DHA ASI diukur dengan menggunakan gas kromatografi tandem spektrometri massa. Korelasi TFA terhadap kadar DHA ASI dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan median asupan TFA adalah 167 (29-849) mg/hari atau >0,08 (0,01-0,38)% total energi. Asupan TFA seluruh subjek masih memenuhi rekomendasi American Heart Association (< 1% total energi). Median asupan DHA adalah 158,5 (13,9-719,7) mg/hari, 67,5% subjek berada dibawah rekomendasi Food and Agriculture Organization (200 mg/hari). Median rasio asupan TFA-DHA adalah 1,08 (0,17-18,06) dan median kadar DHA ASI subjek penelitian adalah >242 (89-865) µmol/l. Tidak didapatkan korelasi antara asupan TFA terhadap kadar DHA ASI (r=0,056, p=0,309), asupan DHA didapatkan memiliki korelasi positif sedang bermakna terhadap kadar DHA ASI (r=0,479, p <0,001), dan terdapat korelasi negatif lemah bermakna rasio asupan TFA-DHA terhadap kadar DHA ASI (r=-0,396, p <0,001). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kadar DHA ASI tidak berkorelasi dengan asupan TFA, namun terdapat korelasi negatif lemah antara rasio asupan TFA-DHA terhadap kadar DHA ASI.

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Previous research has shown an inverse correlation between TFA and DHA in breast milk. Experimental data on human fibroblast showed that TFA could decrease the availability of DHA by inhibiting its biosynthesis from alpha-linolenic acid and incorporation to lipid membrane, including human milk. This study was designed to determine the correlation between maternal TFA intake and DHA content of mother's breast milk. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Cilincing Public Health Centre, North Jakarta, and Grogol Petamburan Public Health Centre, West Jakarta, from February to April 2019. Consecutive sampling method was used, 80 healthy lactating mothers at 1-6 postpartum ranging from >20-35 years old, participated in this study. Maternal TFA, DHA, saturated fat, and omega-3 intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and TFA-DHA intake ratio was calculated. Breast milk specimens were collected post-feed in the morning then breast milk DHA content was analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. Correlation between maternal TFA intake and breast milk's DHA content was assessed using Spearman's test. Data showed the median value of TFA intake was 167 (29-849) mg/day, all subjects TFA intake still below the recommendation of AHA (<1% total energy) Median value of DHA intake was 158.5 (13.9-719.7) mg/day, 67,5% of subject was below Food and Agriculture Organization recommendation (200mg/day). The median value of TFA-DHA ratio was 1.08 (0.17-18.06), and a median value of breast milk's DHA content was 242 (89-865) µmol/l. This study showed no correlation between maternal TFA intake and breast milk's DHA content >(r=0.056, p=0.309), Maternal DHA intake showed a moderate positive correlation with breast milk DHA (r=0.479, p <0.001). There was a weak negative correlation between TFA-DHA intake ratio and breast milk DHA (r=-0.396, p <0.001). This study concluded that the DHA content of the mother's breastmilk was not correlated with maternal TFA intake alone, but it was negatively correlated with TFA-DHA intake ratio."

"Latar belakang: Sebagai salah satu penyebab hipertensi, pengaruh langsung asupan asam lemak trans masih belum diketahui dengan pasti. Konsumsi jangka panjang dapat mengakibatkan inkorporasi asam lemak trans di membran neural otak yang dapat memengaruhi jalur sinyal neurotrophin, termasuk Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Sebagai neurotrophin yang terdapat di berbagai bagian dari tubuh, BDNF diperkirakan memiliki peran dalam pengaturan tekanan darah.Tujuan: Mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan antara asupan asam lemak trans dan kadar BDNF terhadap hipertensi di Kabupaten Natuna.Metode: Studi potong lintang analitik ini menggunakan data sekunder hasil anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, dan food recall yang dilakukan oleh tenaga kesehatan di Kabupaten Natuna pada Juli 2019, serta data primer berupa pemeriksaan kadar BDNF dari sampel darah yang sudah tersimpan di laboratorium RSPJDHK pada bulan September 2019. Hasil: Terdapat 181 penduduk Natuna yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Median asupan asam lemak trans subjek dengan hipertensi lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (0,013: 0,0003 – 0,07 vs 0,010: 0,0006 – 0,06, p = 0,021). Analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa interaksi kadar BDNF dengan asupan asam lemak trans memiliki efek modifikasi terhadap asupan asam lemak trans dan hipertensi (p = 0,011). Pada total subjek, asupan asam lemak trans memiliki OR 1,81 IK95% 1,10-2,99 p 0,020, namun OR 3,63 IK95% 1,69-7,77 p 0,001 pada BDNF di tertile bawah dan sedang. Uji analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa hasil tersebut tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor perancu.Kesimpulan: Kadar BDNF memiliki efek modifikasi terhadap hubungan asupan asam lemak trans dan hipertensi, di mana peningkatan probabilitas hipertensi seiring penambahan asupan asam lemak trans hanya terjadi pada subjek dengan kadar BDNF rendah.

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Background: As one of the major cause of hypertension, direct effect of trans fat intake and hypertension is not yet illuminated. Long-term consumption has been linked with trans fat incorporation in brain neural membrane that could lead into alteration of signaling pathways, including Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). As an ubiquitous neurotrophin, BDNF is believed to play a role in the regulation of blood pressure.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between trans fat intake and BDNF level with hypertension in the population of Natuna.

Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study is using a secondary data including demographic data, physical examination, and food recall obtained from Natuna district population in July 2019. Primary data of BDNF level was obtained through analysis of blood samples stored in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita (NCCHK) in September 2019.

Results: A total of 181 samples were obtained in this study. Compared to normontesive subjects, median of daily trans fat intake of hypertensive subjects was higher (0,013: 0,0003 – 0,07 vs 0,010: 0,0006 – 0,06, p 0,021). Statistitical analysis showed that plasma BDNF level has a modyfing effect in relationship of trans-fat intake and hypertension (p 0,011). In cumulative subjects, trans-fat showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1,81 95%CI 1,10-2,99 p 0,020, while the OR for those with low-middle tertile BDNF level was 3,63 95%CI 1,69-7,77 p 0,001. Further multivariate analysis showed that the interaction was statistically significant after adjustment to confounding factors.

Conclusion: Plasma BDNF level has a modifying effect in the relationship between trans-fat intake and hypertension. Increased probability of hypertension in accordance with trans-fat intake only occurred in subjects with low level plasma BDNF. "