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Abstrak :
This paper examines the hypothetical links between the languages of Japan and the languages of ASEAN countries and beyond. The common belief is that the Japanese languages are excluded from the ASEAN languages, but this paper attempts to hypothesize that the Ainu language of Japan belongs to the Austronesian stocks. Therefore several hypotheses are proposed to account for the possible links between the Ainu and the Japanese language and the languages of ASEAN countries and beyond. Basically there are two routes in which the languages of Japan received the influence in the early stage of developments. There is the northern route, which originates from the Altaic source and the southern route, from the Southeast Asian languages mainly the Austronesian language family. It is concluded that the languages of Japan received the influence from both the northern and southern routes plus some other countries.

Abstrak :
The number of different languages in Europe by far exceeds the number of countries. All European countries have national languages, and in nearly all of them there are minority languages as well, whereas all major languages have dialects. National borders rarely coincide with linguistic borders, but the latter (including dialect borders) mark by their nature also more or less distinct cultural areas. This paper presents a survey of the different language families represented in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, and the four Caucasian language families, each with their sub-branches and individual languages. Some information is given on characteristic structural phenomena and on the status and history of these languages or language families and on some of their extinct predecessors. The paper ends with a short discussion on the language policy and practices of the institutions of the European Union. Europe lacks a language with the status and power comparable to Indonesian in Indonesia. The policy is therefore based on equal status of all national languages and on respect for all languages, including national minority ones. The practice, however, is unavoidably practical: ?the more languages, the more English?.