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ABSTRAK
Salah satu limbah yang dihasilkan dari area pertambangan batubara adalah lumpur dalam jumlah yang besar dengan kandungan logam yang tinggi. Lumpur ini merupakan presipitat hasil pengolahan air asam tambang dan sering kali dibuang ke landfill, terakumulasi dan berpotensi menyebabkan masalah lingkungan. Melalui penelitian ini, dilakukan pemanfaatan lumpur AAT sebagai adsorben kandungan pencemar pada air limbah domestik berupa fosfat. Penelitian ini diawali dengan uji karakterisasi adsorben dari lumpur AAT menggunakan XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, SAA dan pHpzc guna mengetahui komposisi kimia, komposisi mineralogi, struktur morfologi, luas permukaan spesifik dan pH adsorben dengan muatan nol, diikuti dengan eksperimen adsorpsi dalam sistem batch. Hasil karakterisasi sampel menunjukkan bahwa adsorben dari lumpur AAT didominasi oleh unsur silika dalam bentuk quartz, besi dan aluminum, serta dengan didasari oleh metode BET dan drift, diketahui bahwa luas permukaan spesifik lumpur AAT serta pHpzc berturut-turut adalah 22,60±0,199 m2 g dan 4,85. Konsentrasi adsorben, waktu kontak dan pH optimum yang diperoleh melalui eksperimen adsorpsi masing-masing adalah pada 10gL-1, 120 menit dan 5±0,1. Isoterm adsorpsi fosfat oleh lumpur AAT paling baik dijelaskan dengan model Freundlich (R2=0,964) yang memiliki nilai KF dan 1 n sebesar 0,971 (mg g-1)(L mg-1)1 n dan 0,699. Kemudian, kinetika adsorpsi penelitian ini mengikuti model pseudo-second-order dimana nilai k2 dan qe berturut-turut adalah 0,332 g mg.menit dan 1,216 mg g. Berdasarkan hasil pemodelan, disimpulkan bahwa mekanisme reaksi adsorpsi yang terjadi adalah secara kimia (chemisorption). Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa lumpur AAT memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai material adsorben dalam menyisihkan kontaminan fosfat pada air limbah.

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ABSTRACT
One of the wastes produced by coal mining area, is the voluminous sludge, laden with metals. This sludge is the product of acid mine drainage treatment and oftenly disposed to the landfill, accumulated and potentially causing environmental problems. This study was conducted by utilizing acid mine drainage sludge as contaminant adsorbent from domestic wastewater, which was phosphate. The experiment started by characterization of sludge using XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, SSA and pHpzc to determine the chemical composition, minerology, morphology structure, specific surface area and value of pH where the surface of material has zero charge, followed by adsorption experiment in batch system. The results of sample characterizations showed that acid mine drainage sludge was dominated by silica in quartz form, iron and aluminium, and also by using BET and drift method, it has been known that the specific surface area and pHpzc of the sample were 22.60±0.199 m2 g and 4.85, respectively. The optimum adsorbent concentration, contact time and pH were obtained through the adsorption experiments at 10gL-1, 120 min and 5±0,1. The phoshate adsorption isotherm for acid mine drainage sludge was best described by Freundlich model (R2=0.964) with value of KF and 1 n found to be 0.971 (mg g-1)(L mg-1)1 n and 0.699. Furthermore, the kinetic adosrption of this study followed pseudo-second-order model where the value of k2 and qe were 0.332 g mg.menit and 1.216 mg g. Based on the modelling results, it could be concluded that the adsorption mechanism were happened to be chemisorption. The experiment results suggested that acid mine drainage sludge could potentially be utilized as adsorbent material to remove phosphate contaminant in wastewater.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini ingin menganalisis kekalahan Ratu Ati Marliati pada pilkada Cilegon dan kemenangan Ratu Tatu Chasanah pada pilkada Kabupaten Serang. Padahal kedua petahana dari dua dinasti politik di Kota Cilegon dan Kabupaten Serang memiliki beberapa kesamaan, baik latar belakang keluarga maupun dukungan politik. Hal ini terjadi karena beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan mereka berbeda nasib dalam pilkada serentak pada 2020 di kedua wilayah ini. Penelitian menggunakan teori boundary control Gibson (2012), dan dilengkapi dengan analisis strategi informal dan ilegal dari Buehler (2018) dan permainan tertutup (closed game) dari Behrend. Menggunakan metode kualitatif, penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa faktor kekalahan Ratu Ati disebabkan kegagalan dalam menerapkan strategi boundary strengthening, yang kemudian diiringi dengan keberhasilan oposisi menerapkan strategi boundary opening. Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kekalahan itu adalah ketiadaan aktor utama, konflik kepentingan elit partai, kontrol politik yang lemah, mesin politik tidak bekerja optimal, tidak ada akses terhadap elit partai di pusat, dan banyaknya kompetitor. Sedangkan faktor kemenangan Tatu Chasanah karena dia berhasil menerapkan boundary strengthening. Hal ini tampak dari besarnya dukungan partai politik, memobilisasi dukungan baik dari birokrasi maupun dari kelompok-kelompok masyarakat, sehingga mampu mengubah arena permainan menjadi tidak kompetitif. Hal ini memperkuat teori dari Gibson mengenai strategi boundary strengthening dan strategi boundary opening di Kota Cilegon dan Kabupaten Serang. ......This study wants to analyze the defeat of Ratu Ati Marliati in the regional elections in Cilegon and the win of Ratu Tatu Chasanah in the regional elections of the Serang Regency. Even though the two incumbents from these two political dynasties have several things in common, both from family backgrounds and political support. This happened due to several factors that caused them to have different fates in the simultaneous local elections in 2020 in these two regions. The research uses Gibson's boundary control theory (2012) and is complemented by an analysis of informal and illegal strategies from Buehler (2018) and closed games from Behrend. Using a qualitative method, this research shows that Ratu Ati's defeat was caused by the failure to apply the boundary- strengthening strategy, which was followed by the success of the opposition in implementing the boundary-opening strategy. The factors that led to the defeat were the absence of the main actors, the conflict of interests of the party elites, weak political control, the political machine did not work optimally, there was no access to party elites at the center, and there were many competitors. Besides, Tatu Chasanah's winning factor because she succeeded in implementing boundary strengthening. This can be seen from the huge support of political parties, mobilizing support from both the bureaucracy and community groups, to turn the playing field into an uncompetitive one. This strengthens Gibson's theory regarding the boundary strengthening strategy and the boundary opening strategy in Cilegon City and Serang Regency.

Abstrak :
Material Potential Acid-Forming (PAF) mine waste batubara yang digunakan sebagai material backfill saat reklamasi tambang dapat membentuk Ait Asam Tambang (AAT) yang memudahkan mobilisasi logam berat dan dapat mencemari air tanah. Abu layang yang berasal dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) dikenal dengan kemampuan mentralisasi asam sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sebagai chemical liner pada kegiatan reklamasi untuk mencegah pembentukan AAT. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas lindi yang dihasilkan mine waste dengan penambahan abu layang melalui simulasi column leaching test. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi persentase berat abu layang sebesar 0% (kontrol); 20%; 25%; dan 30%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mine waste tanpa penambahan abu layang menghasilkan lindi dengan pH ±3. Nilai pH lindi meningkat dengan penambahan abu layang, dimana persentase abu layang 30% menunjukkan rata-rata nilai pH tertinggi yaitu 6,68. Penambahan abu layang menunjukkan konsentrasi logam Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, dan Pb pada lindi yang lebih rendah dibadingkan lindi yang berasal dari mine waste saja. Maka berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini abu layang dapat digunakan sebagai material backfill untuk mencegah pembentukan AAT. ......Potential Acid-Forming (PAF) material in coal mine waste is used as backfill material during mine reclamation and could form Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) which facilitates the mobilization of heavy metals and pollutes groundwater. Fly ash sourced from the Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP) is known for its ability to neutralize acids. Therefore, fly ash potential to be used as a chemical liner in reclamation activities to prevent AAT formation. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of the leachate produced by mine waste with the addition of fly ash through a column leaching test. This study used variations of fly ash weight of 0 w/w% (control); 20% w/w; 25%; and 30% w/w. The results showed that mine waste without the addition of fly ash produced leachate with a pH of ±3. The pH value of leachate increased with the addition of fly ash, where the fly ash 30% w/w showed the highest average pH value (6.68). The addition of fly ash showed that the concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb metals in the leachate was lower than that of the leachate from mine waste alone. Based on the results of this study fly ash could be used as a backfill material to prevent AAT formation.

Abstrak :
Tungau debu rumah (TDR) adalah salah satu sumber alergen yang paling umum. Sensitisasinya dapat menyebabkan asma. Alergen TDR kelompok 1 adalah alergen kuat anggota keluarga protease sistein yang mampu mengaktifkan alergen lain: kelompok 3, 6, dan 9 yang memiliki aktivitas protease serin. Aktivitas proteolitik terlibat dalam etiologi asma melalui meningkatkan permeabilitas sel epitel saluran napas yang memungkinkan alergen tersebut bersama alergen lain melewati sel epitel dengan memotong protein antar sel. Tubuh manusia memiliki inhibitor protease seperti alpha-1 antitripsin (AAT) merupakan antiprotease serin dan sistatin C merupakan antiprotease sistein. AAT diketahui juga merupakan protein fase aktif positif yang terlibat dalam mekanisme resolusi inflamasi. Sistatin C secara signifikan berhubungan dengan beberapa marker inflamasi seperti protein C-reaktif, IL-6, dan TNF-α. Penelitian kami bertujuan mengetahui keadaan AAT dan sistatin C serum pasien asma TDR. Sebuah studi potong lintang dari 10 pasien asma TDR dan 10 subjek sehat dilakukan. Aktivitas penghambatan AAT dan sistatin C serum diukur dengan uji enzimatik. Konsentrasi AAT dan sistatin C serum diukur dengan metode ELISA. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada aktivitas penghambatan AAT serum (p=0,445, p>0,05), konsentrasi AAT (p=0,290, p>0,05), dan konsentrasi sistatin C (p=0,290, p>0,05). Aktivitas penghambatan sistatin C serum pada pasien asma secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada subjek sehat (p=0,001, p<0,05). Tidak ada korelasi antara aktivitas penghambatan AAT dan konsentrasi AAT atau korelasi antara aktivitas penghambatan sistatin C dan konsentrasi sistatin C yang diamati. Aktivitas sistatin C pada asma TDR signifikan lebih tinggi daripada subjek sehat. Sedangkan, aktivitas AAT, konsentrasi AAT, dan sistatin C pada pasien asma TDR tinggi tidak signifikan daripada subjek sehat. ......House dust mite (HDM) is one of the most common sources of allergen. Its sensitization can lead to asthma. The group 1 mite allergens are potent allergens belonging to the papain-like cysteine protease family. Moreover, the group 1 mite allergens were able to activate others like groups 3, group 6, and group 9 that have serine protease activity. The proteolytic activity involves the etiology of asthma by increasing the permeability of the airway epithelial cell and allowing themselves and other allergens to pass through the epithelial cells by cleaving the cell surface molecules. The human body has natural inhibitor protease like alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) which has anti-serine protease and cystatin C which has anti-cysteine protease. AAT is known as an acute phase protein that is involved in the inflammation resolution mechanism. Cystatin C was significantly correlated with several inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, IL-6, and TNF-α. Our study aimed to investigate the behavior of serum alpha-1 antitrypsin and cystatin C in patients with house dust mite asthma. A cross-sectional study of 10 patients with HDM allergic asthma and 10 healthy subjects were carried out. Serum AAT and cystatin C inhibitory activity were measured with enzymatic assays. While serum AAT and cystatin C concentration were determined by ELISA method. No significant differences in serum AAT inhibitory activity (p=0.445, p>0.05), serum AAT concentration (p=0.290, p>0.05), and cystatin C concentration (p=0.290, p>0.05). Serum cystatin C inhibitory activity in asthmatic patients was significantly higher than healthy subject (p=0.001, p<0.05). Neither correlation between the AAT inhibitory activity and the AAT concentration or correlation between cystatin C inhibitory activity and cystatin C concentration was observed. In conclusion, the activity of cystatin C in dust mite asthma is significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Whereas the activity of AAT, concentration of AAT, and cystatin C in dust mite asthma patients are insignificantly higher than in healthy subjects.

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Diare merupakan masalah global karena menyebabkan tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian pada bayi dan anak. Diare yang belangsung 7 - 13 hari disebut diare melanjut, dan akan meningkatkan risiko terjadinya diare persisten 6 kali lebih tinggi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor risiko terjadinya diare melanjut pada anak < 2 tahun, membuat dan menerapkan sistem skor untuk memprediksi kejadian diare melanjut, dan mengetahui apakah faktor etiologi diare persisten telah ditemukan pada diare melanjut.Suatu penelitian operasional dengan rancangan nested case control, pada anak < 2 tahun dengan diare akut yang dirawat di ruang rawat inap RSUP Fatmawati. Subjek direkrut dengan metode consecutive sampling pada September 2015 - Maret 2016. Subjek dieksklusi bila mendapat pengobatan imunosupresi, menderita HIV, penyakit metabolik, penyakit keganasan, mengalami disentri, mengalami diare saat dirawat di rumah sakit, ada penyakit penyerta, dan subjek pasca mengalami operasi pada organ saluran cerna. Evaluasi luaran penelitian dilakukan sejak subjek masuk perawatan di rumah sakit sampai subjek pulang rawat.Sebanyak 62 subjek untuk tiap kelompok kasus dan kontrol mengikuti penelitian. Seluruh faktor risiko dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat regresi logistik. Faktor risiko terjadinya diare melanjut yang didapatkan adalah riwayat penggunaan antibiotik, defisiensi seng, leukosit tinja, peningkatan kadar AAT tinja dan malnutrisi. Model skor prediksi diare melanjut terdiri dari 2 model. Model 2 lebih dapat diterapkan di fasilitas kesehatan primer. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif, rasio kemungkinan positif, dan rasio kemungkinan negatif dari validasi skoring model 2 berturut-turut adalah 73, 95, 94, 76, 14,6, dan 0,28. Area di bawah kurva ROC pada validasi 0,898. Faktor etiologi diare persisten telah ditemukan pada diare melanjut intoleransi laktosa, malabsorpsi lemak, dan infeksi Clostridium difficile .Sebagai simpulan, faktor risiko terjadinya diare melanjut pada anak < 2 tahun dengan diare akut yang berperan paling bermakna adalah riwayat penggunaan antibiotik, defisiensi seng, leukosit tinja, peningkatan kadar AAT tinja dan malnutrisi. Selain itu, faktor etiologi diare persisten telah ditemukan pada diare melanjut, dan model skor yang dibuat dapat dipertimbangkan digunakan dalam praktek klinik sehari-hari. ...... Diarrhea has been a global problem since it has high morbidity and mortality rate in infants and children. Diarrhea lasting for 7 ndash 13 days is called prolonged diarrhea, and the risk of progressing into persistent diarrhea will be 6 times higher. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for prolonged diarrhea in children below 2 years old, to establish and apply a scoring system to predict the occurence of prolonged diarrhea, and to determine whether the etiologic factor of persistent diarrhea have already been found in prolonged diarrhea. An operational study with a nested case control design, in children 2 years old with acute diarrhea hospitalized in the inpatient wards of Fatmawati Hospital. Subjects were recruited using the consecutive sampling method from September 2015 to March 2016. Subjects were excluded when they were receiving immunosupressive treatment, suffering from HIV, metabolic disease, malignancy, dysentery, just had diarrhea during hospitalization, comorbidities, and had underwent digestive surgery. Evaluation of the research outcome was started when the subject admitted to the hospital until the subject being discharged. The number of subjects included was 62 for each case and control group. All risk factors were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. We found that the risk factors for the occurrence of prolonged diarrhea are history of antibiotic use, zinc deficiency, fecal leukocytes, elevated level of stool AAT, and malnutrition. The prolonged diarrhea prediction score model had 2 models. Model 2 is more applicable in primary health care. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of scoring model 2 validation were 73, 95, 94, 76, 14.6, and 0.28 respectively. The area under the ROC curve for validation is 0.898. The etiologic factor of persistent diarrhea have already been found in prolonged diarrhea lactose intolerance, fat malabsorption, Clostridium difficile infection. In conclusion, the most significant risk factors for prolonged diarrhea in children below 2 years old are the history of antibiotic use, zinc deficiency, fecal leukocytes, elevated levels of stool AAT, and malnutrition. In addition, etiologic factors of persistent diarrhea have already been found in prolonged diarrhea and scoring model can be considered be used in daily clinical practice.