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Abstrak :
Postmodern criminology promotes successful crime control through fulfillment of basic human rights of citizens. For Indonesia, the legal framework to realize and fulfill civil rights are already guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution and supported by the state philosophy of Pancasila. However, despite such framework, structural adjustments are still necessary to ensure Indonesian society achieves full protection of these constitutionally recognized civil and political rights. This paper analyzes the constitutive criminology tradition which discourse attempts to ensure social structures are developed and institutionalized to create conditions to deter illegal acts and breach of laws. It posits that in this respect, crime should be seen as a result of the workings of Indonesian society which must be enabled to ensure equal opportunities for all Indonesians to freely and socially interact without harming others.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Through the momentum of the third amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which was passed in 2001, Indonesia has officially adopted a dualistic judicial review system. Under such system, the authority to conduct judicial review is divided/spread to the two judicial organs, each with its own scope of review; namely, the Supreme Court/Mahkamah Agung reviews regulations below the level of Law (Undang-undang), while the Constitutional Court/Mahkamah Konstitusi reviews the same against the Constitution (constitutional review). Seen from the theoretical and practical perspective adhered to by states which adopt the formation of the Constitutional Court (centered judicial review model), the system adopted by Indonesia is uncommon, and moreover it could be considered as an error in designing the judicial review system. This is in view of the fact that in states which have a Constitutional Court, the authority to conduct judicial review is concentrated / centered upon the Constitutional Court. Such division of authority under the two review regime (legal review and constitutional review) as practiced by Indonesia is not known (except for South Korea), neither in states which use the centralized judicial review model nor in those which use the distribution judicial review model. Such distribution is bound to disrupt the judicial review itself, as the authority to review is implemented by two different institutions with different review standard. Accordingly, in the final part of this research the author puts forward the proposition to centralize the authority to conduct judicial review in the Constitutional Court thus putting an end to the practice of dualistic judicial review which has been proven to be problematic and ensuring that the judicial review system in Indonesia can be reconstructed and placed upon the correct theoretical and practical basis.

Abstrak :
Corporate Social Responsibility adalah sebuah konsep yang sedang berkembang di Indonesia berkenaan dengan upaya pemerintah untuk mendorong praktek usaha yang berkelanjutan dengan mendorong perusahaan untuk berkontribusi lebih ke masyarakat sekitar mellaui berbagai kegiatan Corporate Social Responsibility. Hal tersebut terlihat dari adanya undang-undang yang menyatakan Corporate Social Responsibility sebagai praktek wajib perusahaa mdash;terutama perusahaan Badan Usaha Milik Negara dan perusahaan yang bergerak di sektor yang memanfaatkan sumber daya alam. Kewajiban yang berlaku untuk banyak jenis perusahaan di Indonesia tersebut menimbulkan pertanyaan, termasuk 'apakah mewajibkan praktek Corporate Social Responsibility sesuai dengan kententuan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945?' sehingga diajukan uji materiil akan kewajiban Corporate Social Responsibility bagi perseroan terbatas sesuai yang tertera dalam Pasal 74 Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas dan terbitlah Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 53/PUU-VI/2008 yang mengukuhkan upaya mewajibkan Corporate Social Responsibility di Indonesia bagi usaha-usaha yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang. Dalam tulisan ini, pergeseran konsep sukarela Corporate Social Responsibility menjadi wajib melalui peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku di Indonesia akan dianalisis. ......Corporate Social Responsibility is a growing concept in Indonesia as the government is enforcing sustainable business practices through encouraging more companies to contribute towards the society through various Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. This is expressed through several Indonesian national laws that deemed Corporate Social Responsibility as a mandatory company practice mdash particularly State Owned Enterprises and companies operating in sectors which utilize natural resources. The mandatory order applicable to the great number of Indonesian businesses has raised question about its constitutionalism and the obligation for limited liability companies to conduct Corporate Social Responsibility as expressed in Article 74 of Law Number 40 Year 2007 on Limited Liability Companies were put upon a judicial review, resulting in Constitutional Court Decision Number 53 PUU VI 2008 which instead strengthen the idea that Corporate Social Responsibility can be obligated towards businesses of a certain requirement. In this paper, the shift of what had been wholly voluntary activity into a regulated activity in Indonesia is analyzed.

Abstrak :
Disertasi ini akan menjawab pokok permasalahan, bagaimana karakteristik keislaman PPP secara organisasi mengenai hubungan negara dan agama; mengapa PPP mendorong dan mengusulkan perubahan Pasal 29 dan Pasal 31; dan bagaimana interaksi politik power interplay PPP dalam meyakinkan fraksi-fraksi di MPR selama proses perubahan UUD 1945 Pasal 29 dan Pasal 31 tahun sidang 2000, 2001 dan 2002 berlangsungStudi ini menggunakan teori hubungan agama dan negara sebagai teori utama yang didukung dengan, teori ideologi partai politik, teori elite politik, teori civil society dan teori konflik dan konsensus. Metode yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian bersifat deskriptif analisis, untuk menggambarkan perjuangan politik PPP. Sumber data berdasarkan wawancara mendalam dengan para tokoh yang terlibat secara langsung dalam proses perubahan UUD 1945. Sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh melalui penelusuran dokumen PPP dan MPR RI, jurnal, majalah dan koran serta data yang bersifat kepustakaan lainnya.Temuan dalam studi ini, menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik PPP selama proses Perubahan Pasal 29 dan 31 UUD 1945 ialah akomodatif simbiotik. Akomodatif PPP merupakan sikap PPP yang dapat menyesuaikan diri berdasarkan pada kepentingan ideologi politik dan kenegaraan PPP. Sedangkan simbiotik merupakan paradigma politik PPP yang menempatkan agama dan negara saling membutuhkan. Maka dapat disimpulkan sikap akomodatif simbiotik PPP ialah karakteristik keislaman PPP yang dapat menyesuaikan diri berdasarkan pada terakomodirnya kepentingan politik PPP dengan menempatkan kepentingan negara dan agama yang saling membutuhkan. Oleh karena itu, PPP bukanlah partai politik yang memiliki paradigma integralistik maupun sekuler akan tetapi memiliki kesamaan dengan partai-partai politik lainya yaitu paradigma simbiotik meskipun menggunakan atribut Islam sebagai pembeda.Dengan demikian, pendekatan teori paradigma agama dan negara Al Mawardi dan Ibnu Taimiyah, yang dielaborasi dengan teori ideologi partai politik Maurice Duverger, teori, elite politik dari Pareto, teori civil society dari Jhon Keane serta teori konflik dan konsensus Maswadi Rauf memiliki relevansi dan memperkuat terhadap hasil temuan pada penelitian ini yang menyatakan karekteristik organisasi keislaman PPP yang bersifat akomodatif simbiotik berdasarkan perjuangan elite politik PPP selama pembahasan sampai pencabutan usulan Pasal 29, setelah terakomodasinya Pasal 31 saat penetapan, menunjukkan PPP tidak memiliki perbedaan dengan partai politik lainnya terhadap paradigma agama dan negara yaitu tidak integralistik maupun sekuler. Kata Kunci : Partai Politik Islam, Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. ...... The objective of this dissertation is to answer three matters: 1 the characteristics of the United Development Party rsquo;s PPP Islamic perspective on organization in regards to the relations of the state and religion; 2 the reason PPP suggested changing Article 29 and 31 of the Constitution; 3 the power interplay of PPP in convincing the Parliamentary fractions in the amending process of the two articles during the 2000, 2001, and 2002 parliamentary sessions.The research utilizes the religion and state relations theory as the main theory. In addition, it is supported by the ideology theory of political parties, political elite theory, civil society theory, as well as the conflict and consensus theory. The research methodology in this dissertation adopts a qualitative approach, and the research category is characterized as descriptive-analytical mdash;in this context, it serves to depict PPP rsquo;s political struggles. Furthermore, the secondary data is obtained through journals, magazines, newspapers, other literary reviews, as well as PPP rsquo;s and the Parliament rsquo;s documents.The principal findings of this study reveal that PPP rsquo;s characteristics throughout the parliamentary sessions are accommodative and symbiotic in nature. PPP rsquo;s accommodative quality allowed them to adapt according to the party rsquo;s interest in regards to political and state ideology, while the symbiotic quality allows them to adapt according to the accommodation of its political interest by placing the intersecting interests of the state and religion. Therefore, it can be concluded that these two qualities are Islamic traits that helps the party adapt according to its political interest by placing the intersecting interests of the state and religion that is depend on one another. PPP does not have an integralistic or secular approach, but has similarities with other political parties, which is symbiotic paradigm. The distinguishing factor lies in the use of Islamic attributes.Hence, Al Mawardi rsquo;s and Ibnu Taimiyah rsquo;s state and religion paradigm approach theory, elaborated with Maurice Duverger rsquo;s political parties rsquo; ideology theory, Pareto rsquo;s political elites theory, John Keane rsquo;s civil society theory, and Marswadi Rauf rsquo;s conflict and consensus theory is relevant and supports the principal findings of this study. This study shows that the characteristics of PPP rsquo;s islamic organization, which is accomodative and symbiotic in nature during the process shows that the party does not differ from other parties in its views on the state and religion mdash;the party is neither integralistic nor secular. key word: Islamic Political Parties, United Development Party, 1945 Constitution

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai implementasi sistem pertahanan rakyat semesta dalam peraturan perundang-undangan pasca amandemen Pasal 30 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Pengaturan mengenai keikutseraan warga negara pasca amandemen pasal 30 Undang-undang Dasar 1945 terdapat dalam Undang-undang No.3 tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara, Peraturan Presiden No.7 tahun 2008 tentang Kebijakan Umum Pertahanan Negara, dan Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesa. Prinsip hak asasi manusia yang terkait dengan keikutsertaan warga negara dalam sistem pertahanan terdapat dalam Kovenan Hak-hak Sipil dan Politik. Melalui penelusuran terhadap peraturan-peraturan tersebut dapat dikatuhui bahwa konsep keikutsertaan warga negara dalam sistem pertahanan rakyat semesta pasca amandemen hanya berkutat pada tataran wacana yang bersifat umum tidak dapat diwujudkan dalam praktik sehingga prinsip-prinsip hak asasi manusia belum diterapkan secara maksimal. This thesis talk's about the implementation of Indonesia's total people defence system in Laws and regulation after the amandement of Article 30 Undang- Undang Dasar 1945 (The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia). The Regulation about the implementation of Indonesia's total people defence system in Laws and regulation after the amandement of Article 30 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) can be found in Undang-undang No.3 tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara (State Defense Law), Peraturan Presiden No.7 tahun 2008 tentang Kebijakan Umum Pertahanan Negara, and Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesa (Indonesia's Defense White Book). Human rights principles which are related into implementation of Indonesia's total people defence system in Laws and regulation after the amandement of Article 30 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) can be found in International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This research result The rights of citizen to participate in Indonesia Total People Defense System are generally concept in Indonesia Law and cannot be used for practical purpose, therefore this conditions make human rights principles has not been implemented in a best way.