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"Peristiwa berdarah yang sedang dibahas dalam studi ini adalah suatu tragedi penembakan terhadap gerakan Haji Hasan dengan para pengikutnya. Tepatnya pada tanggal 7 Juli 1919 di Leles (Garut). Pemberontakan itu sendiri dapat dipadamkan Pemerintah dengan mudah setelah pemimpinnya ditembak. Meskipun usia gerakan tersebut sangat singkat, namun pengaruhnya begitu luas terhadap kaum pergerakan, khususnya terhadap kehidupan Sarekat Islam. Gerakan yang dapat digolongkan sebagai usaha pem_berontakan ini mendapat pengikut yang banyak sekali ketika Haji Hasan menyatakan akan melakukan perang sabil. Anjurannya itu mendapat sambutan yang baik. Hal ini dapat dipahami karena Haji Hasan adalah seorang kyai yang cukup kaya dan berpengaruh di masyarakatnya. Maka terasa wajar jika ajakannya untuk perang sabil mendapat jawaban positif dari masyarakat dan para santrinya. Haji Godjali, menantu Haji Hasan, juga ikut mendukung pemberontakan dengan menggerakkan orang-orang yang ada di sekitarnya. Mereka kebanyakan adalah anggota Sarekat Islam. Sedangkan pengerahan anggota dari organisasi yang menamakan dirinya afdeeling-B datang dari Haji Adrai atas permintaan Haji"

"A Vision of Europe analyses a little-known collaborative effort by France and Germany to secure a durable peace between the World Wars, through European integration organized around a Franco-German axis. Received wisdom has it that the era of Franco-German rapprochement depended from 1925 on a close personal relationship between the French and German Foreign Ministers, Briand and Stresemann. With Stresemanns death in 1929, and the simultaneous onset of the interwar Great Depression, Germany in particular allegedly turned its back on this process of rapprochement several years before Hitler took power. However, A Vision of Europe challenges this view of Franco-German relations during the Depression years. Upsets and setbacks notwithstanding, a sustained mutual effort drew on political will, diplomatic rationale, economic synergies, cultural affinities, and various peace movements to agree a Franco-German customs union which had European union as its ultimate goal. These efforts were formalized in the Franco-German Berlin Accord of September 1931, with the diplomacy surrounding this event forming the heart of this book. By mid-1932, however, rapprochement had all but failed. An unforeseen crisis in trading relations, the impact on French opinion of a media scandal surrounding the publication of the late Stresemanns memoirs, and the disruptive impact of domestic party politics in both countries derailed a process that had been conceived by France and Germanys diplomatic, political and economic elites. Nonetheless, this first modern attempt at European unification reflected a deeper process and logic that survived Hitler and informed the creation of the contemporary European Union."

"Penelitian ini membahasa mengenai majas yang terkandung dalam tiga puisi berjudul Памяти 19 Июля 1914 Года Pamjati 19 iyulya 1914 Goda (Mengenang 19 Juli 1914), Петроград 1919 Petrograd 1919 (Petrograd 1919), dan Лондонцам Londontsam (Untuk orang -orang London) karya Anna Akhmatova. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan memberikan sedikit gambaran mengenai majas dalam puisi berbahasa Rusia yang dikaji melalui teori stilistika. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode penelitian deskriptif analitis yang berusaha mendeskripsikan mengenai majas yang terkandung dalam ketiga puisi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ketiga puisi berjudul Памяти 19 Июля 1914 Года Pamjati 19 iyulya 1914 Goda (Mengenang 19 Juli 1914), Петроград 1919 Petrograd 1919 (Petrograd 1919), dan Лондонцам Londontsam (Untuk orang -orang London) karya Anna Akhmatova memiliki beragam majas diantaranya simile, personifikasi, metafora, repetisi dan hiperbola. Melalui majas yang digunakan, Akhamtova ingin menekankan bahwa ketiga peristiwa tersebut tidak layak untuk dikenang karena terlalu menyakitkan.

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This study discusses the figure of speech contained in three poems entitled berjudul Памяти 19 Июля 1914 Года Pamyati 19 iyulya 1914 Goda (Reminiscing 19 July 1914), Петроград 1919 Petrograd 1919 (Petrograd 1919), and Лондонцам Londontsam (For the people of London) by Anna Akhmatova. . This study aims to analyze and provide a brief description of figure of speech in Russian poetry which is studied through stylistic theory. In this study used descriptive analytical research method that seeks to describe the figure of speech contained in the three poems. Based on the results of the analysis, this study found that the three poems entitled Памяти 19 Июля 1914 Года Pamyati 19 iyulya 1914 Goda (Remembering July 19, 1914), Петроград 1919 Petrograd 1919 (Petrograd 1919), and Лондонцам Londontsam (For the people of London) by Anna Akhmatova has a variety of figure of speech including simile, personification, metaphor, repetition and hyperbole. Through the figure of speech used, Akhamtova wants to emphasize that these three events are not worth remembering because they are too painful."

"This study examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. In a first step, it explores the peace planning efforts of Great Britain, France, and the United States in the final phase of the first world war. It then provides an in-depth view on the practice of Allied border drawing at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Special attention is given to a new factor in foreign policymaking, academic experts employed by the three Allied states for the tasks of peace planning and border drawing. Two case studies are presented of disputed regions where the newly drawn borders caused ethnic violence, albeit with different results: the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918-19 and the Greek-Turkish War between 1919 and 1922. A final chapter investigates the approach of the League of Nations to territorial revisionism and minority rights, thereby assessing the chances and dangers of the Paris peace order over the course of the 1920s and 1930s. The book argues that at both the international and the local levels, the temptation of violence drove key actors to simplify the acclaimed principle of national self-determination and use ethnic definitions of national identity. Local elites, administrations, and paramilitary leaders soon used ethnic notions of identity to mobilise popular support under the guise of international legitimacy. Henceforth, national self-determination ceased to be a tool of peace-making and instead became an ideology of violent resistance."