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"Submarine Tailing Disposal (STD) is waste disposal activity to the sea through pipelines. Recently, the documentation system becomes the main problem of STD implementation. It is very weak so it can not cover the unpredicted effect to marine environment and the possibility of STD implementation's failure. In United States, prohibition of STD is regulated in Clean Water Act, It requires 2 (two) important matters that are implementation of the Best Available Technology (BAT) and New Source Performance Standard (NSPS). While Canada regulate it in Canadian Federal Metal Mining Liquid Effluent Regulation (MMLER) and Canada's Fisheries Act. Indonesia itself doesn 't have special regulation to prohibit STD. That is why Indonesia need to have a clear and strict regulation about STD. This article tries to describe the importance of the regulation that prohibit STD."

"ABSTRAKNama : Djoko HartoyoProgram Studi : Ilmu LingkunganJudul : DINAMIKA EKOSISTEM PERAIRAN LAUT PASCA PENUTUPAN KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN Studi Pembuangan Tailing di Teluk Buyat, Minahasa Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari dinamika ekosistem perairan laut pasca penutupan aktivitas tambang di Teluk Buyat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh faktor dinamika laut pada keberadaan tailing di dasar laut Teluk Buyat. Permodelan arus memperlihatkan kecepatan arus menuju pasang berkisar 0,04-0,08 m/detik, lebih tinggi dari kecepatan arus menuju surut yang berkisar 0,02-0,06 m/detik. Hasil studi memperlihatkan terjadinya dinamika ekosistem laut yang ditunjukkan oleh semakin meningkatnya kelimpahan, nilai indeks keanekaragaman H rsquo;>3 , dan nilai indeks keseragaman ?>6 biota bentos. Nilai ini menggambarkan tahapan suksesi ekosistem laut pasca pembuangan tailing serta mengindikasikan adanya keterkaitan kondisi lingkungan dengan kesempatan biota bentos untuk berstrategi dan mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya. Persepsi masyarakat di sekitar Teluk Buyat terhadap variabel sosial budaya dan kesehatan masyarakat menunjukkan kondisi yang semakin membaik. Hasil analisis keberlanjutan menunjukkan kondisi ekosistem Teluk Buyat ditinjau dari dimensi lingkungan dengan nilai indeks 72,53 dan sosial budaya dengan nilai indeks 51,03 , dikategorikan cukup berkelanjutan, sedangkan pada dimensi ekonomi adalah kurang berkelanjutan dengan nilai indeks 48,87 . Hasil keseluruhan tahapan analisis menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan dan perairan Teluk Buyat semakin membaik. Model konseptual pengelolaan ekosistem Teluk Buyat pasca penutupan aktivitas tambang akan mampu menurunkan tekanan dan meningkatkan kualitas ekosistem baik dari aspek lingkungan, sosial maupun ekonomi masyarakat. Kata kunci: Tailing, Submarine Tailing Disposal STD , Buyat, Bentos

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ABSTRACTName : Djoko HartoyoStudy Programe : Environmental ScienceTitle : ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS OF MARINE WATERS POST-CLOSURE OF MINING Study of Tailings Disposal in Buyat Bay, Minahasa The research aims to study the dynamics of marine ecosystems after the closure of mining activity in Buyat Bay. The results showed the influence of ocean dynamics in the presence of tailings in Buyat Bay. Modeling of current shows the current flow velocity toward the high tide, i.e. 0,04-0,08 m/s, is higher than the current speed towards low tide ranging from 0,02 to 0,06 m/s. This study shows the occurrence of marine ecosystem dynamics shown by the increasing abundance, diversity index value H rsquo;>3 , and the value of the uniformity index ?>6 benthos biota. This value represents the marine ecosystem succession stages of post-tailing and indicate their relationship with the environmental conditions of benthos opportunity, to have a strategy and maintain their life. Perception communities around Buyat Bay for the variable of social, cultural and public health, indicates that the condition of Buyat Bay is getting better. The results of the sustainability analysis show the condition of Buyat Bay ecosystem in terms of environmental 2,53 and socio-cultural dimensions 51,03 , is sustainable enough, while the economic dimension is less sustainable 48,87 . The overall results indicate that the environmental and waters of Buyat Bay is getting better. The conceptual model of the management of Buyat Bay ecosystems after the closure of mining activities will be able to reduce the pressure and improve the quality of the ecosystem from the environmental, social and economic community. Keywords: Tailing, Submarine Tailing Disposal STD , Buyat, Bentos "

"ABSTRAKIndustri pertambangan kerap menjadi sorotan terkait permasalahan pengelolaan lingkungan karena berpotensi menyebabkan gangguan pada rona alam dan kelestarian lingkungan. PT. Newmont Minahasa Raya (PTNMR) yang melakukan pembuangan tailing-nya di perairan Teluk Buyat diduga telah mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas lingkungan perairan teluk tersebut yang teriihat dari indikasi peningkatan konsentrasi arsen dan merkuri. Salah satu alasan dugaan terjadinya penurunan kualitas lingkungan di perairan Teluk Buyat adalah karena diterapkannya pembuangan tailing bawah laut (Sub -Marine Tailing Disposal) oleh PTNMR di dasar laut teluk yang dialirkan melalui pipa pembuangan di kedalaman ± 82 m. Alternatif ini dipilih PTNMR berdasarkan penilaian faktor lingkungan, rekayasa teknologi dan ekonomi. Beberapa laporan penelitian yang pernah dipublikasikan menyebut telah terjadi peningkatan kadar merkuri (Hg) dan arsen (As) di teluk ini yang menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan masyarakat sekitar. Dari data observasi dan penelitian yang didapat melalui PTNMR dan juga Tim Terpadu Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (Timdu KLH), diketahui bahwa konsentrasi Hg dan As di Sungai Buyat dan Perairan Teluk Buyat berada di bawah baku mutu yang ditetapkan Pemerintah. Sementara konsentrasi Hg dan As pada sedimen Sungai Buyat dan Teluk Buyat diketahui menunjukkan kecenderungan kadar yang menaik. Namun, peningkatan kadar Hg dan As di sedimen Teluk Buyat ini sudah diprediksikan sebelumnya oleh PTNMR melalui Dokumen ANDAL tahun 1994, bahkan merkuri dalam sedimen telah dipertahankan dalam bentuk inreaktif sehingga tidak membahayakan ataupun tercampur dalam partikel air laut. Data penelitian juga diambil untuk menentukan konsentrasi logam berat di tailing yang siap ditempatkan di bawah taut. Laporan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi As dan Hg untuk titik ini berada di bawah nilai baku mutu. Kecendurangan meningkatnya kadar Hg dan As di beberapa titik sampel sedimen sungai dan laut juga diperkirakan merupakan proses sedimentasi alami dari mineral dan batuan yang mengandung unsur Hg dan As. Secara alami, batuan di sekitar Teluk Buyat memang telah mengandung Hg dalam mineral cinnabar (HgS) maupun As dalam mineral arsenopyrite (AsFeS), rea/gar (AsS) dan orpimen (As2S3). Mineral ini yang oleh proses alami, terbawa oleh air dan mengendapkan unsur Hg dan As di sedimen sungai dan laut. Proses pembuangan tailing PTNMR di Teluk Buyat dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi Hg dan As hanya menunjukkan hubungan asosiatif tetapi belum mampu secara pasti menunjukkan pola kausalitas.

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ABSTRAK

Mining industry is often the focus of public attention because of the problems of environmental management it creates, which affect the natural setting, and conservation of the environment. PT Newmont Minahasa Raya (PTNMR) that dumps its tailings in the waters of Buyat Bay is allegedly polluting the area and responsible for the declining quality of the waters as seen from the indicators of higher concentrates of arsenic and mercury. One of the reasons for the declining environmental quality of Buyat Bay is the company's submarine disposal of tailings through dumping pipes to a depth of around 82 m. PTNMR opted for this alternative after studying the environmental, technological engineering and economic factors. PTNMR's study report says that since the tailings are dumped below the thermocline zone, the pollution is probably caused by the waters dynamics. Several published reports show increasing levels of mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) which result in health problems suffered by local people. Observation and research data obtained from PTNMR and the Integrated Team of the Ministry of the Environmental Affairs reveal that Hg and As concentrations in Buyat River and Buyat Bay are in fact below the levels set by the government. Research data are also studied to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the tailings to be disposed underwater. The report shows that the figures at this point are below the quality standards. A few samples taken from sediments in Buyat River and Buyat Bay show higher levels. PTNMR has predicted this increase in its 1994 environmental analysis report. Sediments of mercury are maintained in an in reactive form to keep them from endangering the environment and mixing with the seawater. It can be assumed that the high Hg and As concentrations at several river and marine sediment sampling points are caused by natural sedimentation of minerals and rocks containing Hg and As. Rocks found at Buyat Bay naturally contain Hg in cinnabar (HgS) and As in arsenopyrite (AsFeS), realgar (Ass) and orpiment (As2S3). These minerals, in natural processes, were washed off by water and their Hg and As elements settled in sediments in the river and sea. PTNMR tailing disposal in Buyat Bay and the increasing levels of Hg and As only show an associative relation but not a causative pattern."