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"Virus Influenza A dan B telah menarik perhatian dunia karena dampak buruknya pada kesehatan manusia dan pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi perekonomian dunia secara umum. Pendeteksi virus yang sederhana, cepat, dan murah sangat dibutuhkan untuk memperlambat laju penyebarannya.Sementara itu, Zanamivir dikenal sebagai antivirus influenza A dan B. Zanamivir bersifat nonelektroaktif pada permukaan Pt dan diamond terdoping boron (BDD), namun memiliki kemampuan mengkatalisis reaksi H+ menjadi H2 sehingga mempengaruhi respon arus oksidasi Pt. Pada penelitian ini, sensor Neuraminidase dikembangkan melalui reaksi inhibisi Zanamivir menggunakan elektroda berbasis platina. Pada pH 7, dengan mengamati arus puncak Pt(OH)2 pada potensial -0,46 V, kurva kalibrasi linier dapat diperoleh pada rentang kosentrasi 7,5x10-6 M ? 1,5x10-4 M pada elektroda platina dan rentang konsentrasi 1,5x10-5 M ? 3,0x10-4 M pada elektroda BDD termodifikasi Pt (Pt-BDD). Limit deteksi Zanamivir pada Pt sebesar 6,360x10-5 M sedangkan pada Pt-BDD sebesar 9,396x10-6 M. Reproduksibilitas yang baik diperoleh dengan persentase RSD 1,702% dan 1,636% berturut-turut pada elektroda Pt dan Pt-BDD. Pt-BDD kemudian digunakan pada aplikasi sebagai sensor Zanamivir, konsentrasi Zanamivir 2x10-5 M dapat dengan tepat menginhibisi 20 mU Neuraminidase dengan batas deteksi 0,515 mU. Kondisi optimum pengukuran adalah pada pH 6,8 dengan waktu inkubasi 30 menit. Selektivitas sensor diuji dengan penambahan mucin (lendir). Dengan penambahan 0,011 mg/mL mucin Porcine Stomach, terjadi penurunan arus 0,856 %, sedangkan pada penambahan 0,011 mg/mL mucin Bovine Submaxillary Glands, respon arus turun sebesar 0,577 % mengindikasikan sensor yang dikembangkan cukup menjanjikan.

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Influenza viruses have attracted a great attention due to it?s harmful effects to human health and in time can also economy in general terms. Therefore, an efficient, low cost, and fast detection method is required. Zanamivir itself known as an antivirus for Influenza A and B. Zanamivir works as an inhibitor of Neuraminidase, an enzyme which found in the viruses of Influenza A and B. Zanamivir is not electroactive at Pt and Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. However, it electrocatalyzes the reduction reaction of H+ to be H2, affects the oxidation reaction of Pt. In this study, a Neuraminidase sensor was developed based on inhibition reaction of Zanamivir at platinum-based electrodes. At pH 7,oxidation current of Pt(OH)2 at potential of -0.46 V was found to be linear at the concentration range of 7.5x10-6 M ? 1.5x10-4 M and 1.5x10-5 M ? 3.0 x10-4 M at Pt and Pt-modified BDD (Pt-BDD),respectively. Limit of detections (LODs) of 6.360x10-5 M and 9.396x10-6 M can be achieved at Pt and Pt-BDD,respectively. Excellent reproducibility with RSDs of 1.702% and 1.636% were found at Pt and Pt-BDD,respectively. Application of Pt-BDD as sensor for Neuraminidase showed that the maximum concentration of Neuraminidase can be inhibited by 2x10-5M zanamivir was 20 mU.LOD was 0.515 mU Neuraminidase. The optimum pH for the inhibition was 6.8 with incubation time of 30 minutes. Selectivity of the sensor was examined with the presence of mucin . A concentration of 0.011 mg/mL of mucin Bovine Submaxillary Glands and 0.011 mg/mLof mucin Porcine Stomach decreased the oxidation current response of 0.577 % and 0.856 %,respectively,suggesting that the sensors is promising to be applied."

"Munculnya varian virus influenza yang berpotensi menimbulkan pandemi merupakan kejadian yang tidak terduga dan jarang terjadi. Penanganan dalam situasi seperti ini membutuhkan produksi vaksin skala besar dalam waktu singkat seperti pada kasus virus influenza H1N1 pdm09. Salah satu strategi yang dapat dilakukan adalah produksi vaksin subunit dengan memanfaatkan sistem ekspresi ragi untuk memproduksi protein antigen rekombinan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengekspresi protein fusi HA1-MA2-NS1 rekombinan untuk pengembangan vaksin subunit. Plasmid pPICZαA-HA1-MA2-NS1 linear diintegrasikan ke dalam genom Pischia pastoris strain GS115 melalui rekombinasi homolog. Proses transformasi ini dilakukan dengan metode elektroporasi dan menghasilkan 13 klon ragi yang mengandung multiple integran gen fusi HA1-MA2-NS1. Analisis bioinformatika menduga protein fusi memiliki berat molekul 75-85 kDa. Visualisasi protein pada supernatan dan pelet dengan SDS-PAGE memperlihatkan adanya pita protein dengan ukuran yang diharapkan. Hasil western blot pada pellet mendeteksi ukuran protein target antara 42-135 kDa. Pemurnian protein fusi dengan NI-NTA gagal dilakukan dan diduga karena sedikitnya jumlah protein fusi yang terbentuk sehingga tidak terdeteksi pada visualisasi SDS-PAGE.

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The emergence of influenza virus variants that could potentially cause a pandemic is an unforeseen occurrence and rare. Handling a situation like this requires a large-scale vaccine production in a short time as in the case of the H1N1 virus pdm09. One strategy that can be done is a subunit vaccine production by utilizing a yeast expression system to produce recombinant protein antigens.

The purpose of this study was to express a recombinant proteins of fusion HA1- MA2-NS1 for subunit vaccine development. PPICZαA HA1-MA2-NS1 linear plasmid integrated into the genome Pichia pastoris strain GS115 through homologous recombination. This transformation process is carried out by electroporation method and generating 13 yeast clones containing multiple genes HA1-MA2-NS1 integrant. Bioinformatics analysis of protein suspect fusion protein has a molecular weight of 75-85 kDa. Visualization of proteins in the supernatant and pellet by SDS-PAGE showed protein bands with sizes expected.

But western blot results in the pellet detect the target protein size between 42-135 kDa. Purification of fusion proteins with NI-NTA were failed due to small amount of fusion protein that undetected on SDS-PAGE visualization."

"ABSTRAKInfluenza merupakan penyakit menular yang dapat mengancam nyawa kelompok orang dengan resiko tinggi terkena komplikasi. Karena vaksin merupakan cara ampuh mencegah suatu penyakit termasuk influenza, maka pada skripsi ini dibahas model SVIRS yang merupakan model penyebaran penyakit influenza yang mempertimbangkan vaksinasi dan penjagaan jarak sosial. Populasi manusia dibagi menjadi empat subpopulasi, yaitu manusia rentan terhadap penyakit influenza, manusia yang telah diberi vaksin influenza, manusia terinfeksi influenza, serta manusia yang sembuh dari influenza. Subpopulasi manusia yang telah diberi vaksin dan manusia yang sembuh dari influenza diasumsikan dapat kembali rentan karena efektivitas vaksin tidak sempurna. Karena kami berasumsi bahwa daya tahan tubuh tidak bertahan untuk waktu yang panjang, maka ada kemungkinan individu yang sembuh dapat terinfeksi kembali. Kajian analitik mengenai proses nondimensionalisasi, eksistensi dan kestabilan titik keseimbangan juga dilakukan terhadap model. Berdasarkan kajian analitik yang dilakukan, (R0) dapat menjadi penentu strategi terbaik untuk mencegah penyebaran influenza pada populasi. Terakhir, beberapa simulasi numerik dilakukan untuk beberapa skenario vaksinasi dan strategi penjagaan jarak sosial.

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ABSTRACTInfluenza is an infectious disease that can threaten the lives of a group of people at high risk of complications. Since vaccines are a powerful way of preventing disease including influenza, then this research discusses the SVIRS model which is a model of the spread of influenza disease which consider vaccination and social distancing. The human population is divided into four subpopulations, namely humans susceptible to influenza, humans who have been given influenza vaccines, humans infected with influenza, and humans who recover from influenza. Subpopulations of people who have been given the vaccine are assumed can be infected by influenza because of the imperfect vaccine effectiveness. Since we assume that the immunity is not for long-life, then there is a possibility that recovered individual may get re-infected. Analytical studies of the nondimensionalization process, the existence and stability of the equilibrium points are carried out on the model. Based on the analytical studies, (R0) give an insight to determine the best strategies to prevent the spread of influenza among the population. At last, some numerical simulations were carried out using for several scenarios of vaccination and social distancing strategy."

"This volume describes all aspects of the virus structure and function relevant to infection. The focus is on drug discovery of inhibitors to the enzyme sialidase, which plays a key role in the infectious lifecycle of the virus. Following an overview of the influenza virus, the haemagglutinin, the interactions with the cell receptors and the enzymology of virus sialidase, recent results in drug design are presented. These include a full coverage of the design, synthesis and evaluation of carbohydrate as well as non-carbohydrate influenza virus sialidase inhibitors. Further reviews of the clinical experience with influenza virus sialidase inhibitors and of the development of resistance to these inhibitor drugs complement the topic."