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Abstrak :
Perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia berkembang dengan cepat, tahun 2002 tercatat 4,12 juta ha, dan sekitar 30% dari luas tersebut adalah perkebunan rakyat (smallholder). Peningkatan efisiensi dan nilai tarnbah perkebunan, rakyat diperlukan agar minyak sawit Indonesia lebih kompetitif di pasaran dan pendapatan petani meningkat. Makin luas kebun kelapa sawit makin banyak limbah dihasilkan, baik limbah kebun ataupun limbah dari pabrik minyak sawit. Jika tidak dikelola dengan baik, limbah tersebut berpotensi mencemari Iingkungan. Limbah dari kebun (gulma, daun dan pelepah sawit) serta limbah dari pabrik (lumpur, serat dan tandan kosong sawit) dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pakan ternak sapi atau sebagai bahan kompos. Dengan pemanfaatan limbah tersebut maka pendapatan petani akan meningkat dan potensi pencemaran lingkungan akan menurun. Sebagian besar (99%) produksi ternak Indonesia berasal dari peternakan rakyat. Perkebunan kelapa sawit dapat mendukung peternakan rakyat, yaitu sebagai penyedia pakan yang berasal dari limbah kebun danlatau pabrik minyak sawit. Ternak dapat memanfaatkan gulma yang ada di kebun kelapa sawit sehingga mengurangi penggunaan herbisida dan biaya pengendalian gulma. Kotoran ternak dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk kandang atau bahan pengomposan bersama limbah kebun dan/atau pabrik kelapa sawit sehingga meningkatkan penggunaan pupuk organik dan mengurangi penggunaan pupuk anorganik. Dengan pemanfaatan gulma dan kompos, biaya dan potensi pencemaran dari herbisida dan pupuk anorganik menjadi Iebih rendah. Kecamatan Talo adalah salah satu pusat pengembangan peternakan di Kabupaten Seluma, Bengkulu; tahun 2001 tercatat 2.400 ekor ternak sapi. Di kecamatan ini terdapat perkebunan dan pabrik kelapa sawit milik negara, serta dukungan sistem kemitraan dan bibit subsidi sehingga berkembang perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat; tahun 2001 tercatat 1.033 ha. Di tingkat petani, berkembang kepemilikan kebun kelapa sawit dan ternak sapi oleh petani yang sama, yang dalam tulisan ini disebut petani integrasi. Sebagai rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: penerapan integrasi perkebunan kelapa sawit-peternakan sapi pada petani di Kecamatan Talo, belum diketahui pola/bentuk integrasi yang diterapkan, keuntungan dari sisi ekonomi dan ekologi, serta perbandingan kualitas kompos dari bahan campuran limbah kebun dan/atau pabrik kelapa sawit dan kotoran temak sapi dengan kompos buatan petani. Hipotesis yang diajukan adalah: 1) Dari sisi ekonomi, penerapan integrasi perkebunan kelapa sawit-peternakan sapi pada petani di Kecamatan Talo Kabupaten Seluma Propinsi Bengkulu menguntungkan; 2) Dari sisi ekologi, penerapan integrasi perkebunan kelapa sawit-peternakan sapi tersebut juga menguntungkan; 3) Kualitas kompos.-dari bahan campuran limbah kebun dan/atau pabrik kelapa sawit serta kotoran temak sapi lebih baik daripada kompos buatan petani. Pembuktian hipotesis menggunakan uji F dan wilayah berganda Duncan dengan α 5% Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan metode survei dan eksperimen. Survei dilakukan pada Bulan Mei-Juni 2004 di Kecamatan Talo Kabupaten Seluma, Propinsi Bengkulu. Eksperimen dilakukan pada Bulan Juni-September 2004 di halaman dan di dalam rumah kasa milik Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Bengkulu. Tujuan survei adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk/pola integrasi, keuntungan integrasi dari sisi ekonomi dan ekologi. Keuntungan dari sisi ekonomi adalah selisih pendapatan dari kebun kelapa sawit antara petani integrasi dan petani non-integrasi, atau selisih pendapatan dari ternak sapi antara petani integrasi dan peternak non-integrasi. Keuntungan dari sisi ekologi adalah selisih jumlah penggunaan pestisida, pupuk anorganik, dan kompos antara petani integrasi dan non-integrasi. Tujuan eksperimen adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan kuaiitas antara kompos perlakuan yang diuji dengan kompos petani (kontrol). Juga dilakukan analisis rasio manfaat-biaya (B/C ratio) untuk mengetahui tingkat kelayakan usaha. Sampel dalam survei ditentukan secara sengaja dan acak sederhana. Tiga desa dan dua tahun tanam kelapa sawit menghasilkan dengan jumlah petani integrasi terbanyak ditentukan secara sengaja. Sampel dipilih secara acak sederhana dan diambil sebanyak 20% dari populasi target untuk petani integrasi dan non-integrasi, serta 100% (sensus) untuk peternak non-integrasi. Eksperimen menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 (tiga) ulangan. Ada 2 (dua) tahap eksperimen yaitu pengomposan dan pengujian kompos ke tanaman. Perlakuan yang diuji pada pengomposan adalah: 1) Cempuran limbah kebun dan pabrik kelapa sawit serta kotoran temak sapi 25% dari berat bahan (KP-25); 2) Campuran limbah kebun dan pabrik kelapa sawit serta kotoran ternak sapi 50% dari berat bahan (KP-50); 3) Campuran limbah kebun dan kotoran temak sapi 25% dari berat bahan (K-25); 4) Campuran limbah kebun dan kotoran ternak sapi 50% dari berat bahan (K-50); dan 5) Kompos buatan petani (Kontrol). Pengukuran kualitas kompos meliputi kandungan C organik, N, P, K, Ca dan Mg total serta pengujian ke tanaman. Sebagai tanaman uji digunakan kangkung dengan rancangan acak lengkap, 3 (tiga) ulangan dan 8 (aelapan) tanaman tiap polibag. Tanaman uji diukur pertambahan tinggi mingguan, berat kering tajuk dan akar. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah: 1) Bentuk/pola integrasi secara garis besar dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua) macam, yaitu menyatu dan terpisah antara perkebunan kelapa sawit dan petemakan sapi; 2) Secara ekonomi, penerapan integrasi perkebunan kelapa sawit-petemakan sapi pada petani di Kecamatan Talo Kabupaten Seluma, Propinsi Bengkulu belum menguntungkan, baik ditinjau dari perkebunan kelapa sawit maupun dari petemakan sapi. Peningkatan pendapatan diperoleh hanya dari nilai hasil ternak itu sendiri; 3) Secara ekologi, penerapan integrasi nyata menguntungkan, yang terlihat dari penggunaan pupuk anorganik dan herbisida petani integrasi nyata lebin rendah serta penggunaan pupuk organik nyata lebih tinggi daripada petani non-integrasi. 4) Kualitas kompos perlakuan KP-25 (campuran limbah kebun dan pabrik kelapa sawit serta kotoran temak sapi 25% dari berat bahan) lebih baik daripada kompos perlakuan petani dilihat dari kandungan N dan K total; kandungan N dan K total perlakuan KP-25 masing-masing sebesar 1,87% dan 1,81% nyata lebih tinggi daripada perlakuan petani yang masing-masing sebesar 1,47% dan K 1,15%. Kualitas kompos perlakuan K-25, K-50 dan KP50 tidak berbeda dengan kompos perlakuan petani. BIC ratio perlakuan-perlakuan yang diuji kurang dari 1, yang menunjukkan bahwa dari sisi ekonomi tanpa ekologi tidak menguntungkan. Saran: a) Agar pendapatan meningkat dan potensi pencemaran lingkungan (dari limbah ataupun dari penggunaan masukan-luar) menurun, sebaiknya setiap pengembangan perkebunan kelapa sawit menerapkan integrasi dengan peternakan, misalnya dengan temak sapi; b) Agar penerapan integrasi perkebunan kelapa sawit peternakan sapi pada petani di Kecamatan Tale Kabupaten Seluma, Propinsi Bengkulu menguntungkan secara ekonomi maka perlu dilakukan sosialisasi dan pelatihan cara memanfaatkan temak sebagai rekanan (Partnership) untuk kerja di kebun kelapa sawit serta cara pemanfaatan limbah kebun dan/atau pabrik kelapa sawit untuk pakan ternak atau kompos; c) Agar kompos perlakuan KP-25 (campuran limbah kebun dan pabrik kelapa sawit serta kotoran temak sapi 25% dari berat bahan) menguntungkan secara ekonomi, perlu dilakukan kajian lebih mendalam terhadap teknik pengomposan sehingga miurah dan mudah diterapkan petani.

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Palm plantation in Indonesia has developed fast, in 2002 there were 4.12 ha, and around 30% of it belonged to smallholders. More efficiency and additional value are needed so that Indonesian palm oil can be more competitive in global market and consequently it will increase the farmers' income. The larger the plantation the more waste it produces: waste from plantation and from the palm oil factory. The waste will pollute the environment if there is no treatment for it. Waste from plantation (weed, palm leaves and stems) and waste from the factory (mud, fiber and empty stems) can be reused as feed for cows or as the materials for compost. This treatment will increase the farmers' income and will decrease pollution. Most (99%) of Indonesia's livestock is produced by farmers. Palm plantation can support the farmers by providing the feed for cattle from its waste. On the other hand, the cattle can eat the weed in the plantation so it will reduce herbicide use and weed management cost. The cattle's dung can be used as fertilizer or as one of the materials in composting along with plantation waste and palm oil factory waste so it will increase organic fertilizer use and decrease inorganic fertilizer use. This system can reduce cost and potential pollution of herbicide and inorganic fertilizer. Talo sub-district is one of the livestock development centers in Seluma residence in the province of Bengkulu; In 2001 there were 2,400 cows in the farm. In this sub-district were state plantation and palm oil factory. With partnership system and subsidized seeds, they developed smallholders palm plantation. In 2001 there were 1,033 ha of smallholders palm plantation. The farmers became integration farmers for they had developed an integrated system: plantation and cow farming. The main topic of this thesis is: a research of the integration system of palm plantation -- cow farming by farmers in Talo sub-district, related to: a) the form/pattern of the applied integration system; b) economical and ecological benefits of the system; and c) quality comparison between compost made of plantation waste and/or palm oil factory and cow dung, and compost made by farmers. The hypothesis is: 1) From economical view, the integration system of palm plantation-cow farming by farmers in Talo sub-district is beneficial; 2) From ecological view, the integration system of palm plantation-cow farming by farmers in Talo sub-district is also beneficial; 3) The quality of compost made of plantation waste and/or palm oil factory and cow dung is better than compost made by farmers. The hypothesis would be tested using F test and Duncan double area with a 5 %. The research used qualitative and quantitative approach with survey and experiment methods. The survey was held from May to June 2004 in Talo sub-district, Seluma residence in the province of Bengkulu. The experiment was held from June to September 2004 in the yard and inside the gauze house of Faculty of Agriculture of University of Bengkulu. The objective of the survey is to see the integration form/pattern, the economical and ecological benefits of integration system. The economical benefit is the difference between the income from palm plantation of the integration farmers and that of non-integration farmers, or the difference between the income from cow farming of integration farmers and that of non-integration farmers. The ecological benefit is the difference of the amount used for pesticide, inorganic fertilizer and compost by integration farmers from that of non-integration farmers. The objective of the experiment is to compare the quality of the treated compost and that of farmers' compost (control). Benefit/cost ratio (B/C ratio) -analysis was also conducted to check the business feasibility rate. The samples of the survey were determined in purpose and simple random. Three villages and two years productive plantation with most integration farmers were chosen in purpose. Samples were determined in simple random and were taken of 20% of the target population of integration farmers and non-integration farmers, and 100% (census) of non-integration farmers. The experiment was using complete random plan with three repetitions. There were two steps in the experiment: the composting and the testing of compost on plants. The composting treatments were: 1) Mixture of plantation waste and palm oil factory waste and 25% of cow dung of material weight (KP-25); 2) Mixture of plantation waste and palm oil factory waste and 50% of cow dung of material weight (KP-50); 3) Mixture of plantation waste and 25% of cow dung of material weight (K-25); 4) Mixture of plantation waste and 50% of cow dung of material weight (K-25); and 5) Compost made by farmers (control). The measurement of the compost quality includes the total amount of C organic, N, P, K, Ca and Mg and a test to plants. The tester plant was kangkoong with complete random plan, 3 (three) repetition and 8 (eight) plants in each pot. The tester plants were measured to see the weekly height growth and the dry weight of the plants' root and crown. The conclusion of the experiment is: 1) The integration shape/pattern can be defined into 2 general types: the palm plantation and cow farm are integrated and separated; 2) From economical view, the application of the integration of palm plantation-cow farming by farmers in Talo sub-district, Seluma residence, Bengkulu is not beneficial from the palm plantation side or cow farming side. The increase of the income is only from the cattle value; 3) From ecological view, the applied integration is clearly beneficial because the usage of inorganic fertilizer and herbicide by integration farmers is less and the usage of organic fertilizer is higher than non-integration farmers. 4) The quality of compost of KP-25 treatment (the mixture of plantation waste and palm oil factory and 25% cow dung of material weight) is better than that of farmers' considering the amount of total N and K; the amount of total N and K in KP-25 treatment is each 1.87% and 1.81%. It is clearly higher than that pf farmers' which contains 1.47% N and 1.15% K. The quality of compost with K-25, K-50 and KP-50 treatments is not different from farmers' compost. The BIC ratio of tester treatment is less than 1 (one). It shows that from the economical view without ecological view it is not beneficial. Suggestion: a) To increase farmers' income and to reduce pollution (from waste or outside-input use), it is suggested that every palm plantation be integrated with livestock, such as cow farming; b) The integration of palm plantation-cow farming in Talo sub-district, Seluma residence, Bengkulu can be economically beneficial if there are socialization and trainings of how to use cattle in partnership with palm plantation and how to use plantation waste and/or palm oil factory waste as cattle's feed or compost; c) In order to make KP-25 treatment compost (the mixture of plantation waste and palm oil factory waste and 25% cow dung of the material weight) economically beneficial, a deeper study of compost making techniques is needed to make it easier and cheaper to produce.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia, dengan luas sekitar 11 juta hektar pada tahun 2014. Serbuk sari kelapa sawit memiliki potensi alergi yang cukup besar, karena memiliki ukuran relatif kecil, berjumlah relatif banyak, dan bersifat anemofili. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter kandidat protein alergen serbuk sari kelapa sawit melalui metode SDS-PAGE dan Western Blotting, serta mengetahui aktivitas IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, dan IFN-γ pada sel Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) terhadap induksi protein serbuk sari kelapa sawit yang dilakukan secara in vitro. Penelitian diawali dengan ekstraksi protein serbuk sari kelapa sawit, yang berasal dari beberapa wilayah di Indonesia. Berat molekul protein dianalisis dengan metode SDS-PAGE, serta uji kealergenikan kandidat protein alergen diuji dengan menggunakan 21 serum pasien alergi melalui metode Western Blotting. Protein serbuk sari kelapa sawit juga diinduksikan pada kultur sel PBMC. Proses pendeteksian IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, dan IFN-γ dilakukan menggunakan metode ELISA. Berat molekul protein serbuk sari kelapa sawit diketahui berukuran 10?80 kDa. Hasil uji kealergenikan protein tersebut pada Western Blotting menunjukkan kandidat protein alergen memiliki ukuran 14 kDa, 15 kDa, 20 kDa dan 31 kDa. Aktivitas beberapa immunoglobulin dan sitokin berhasil terdeteksi. Konsentrasi IgA didapatkan sebesar 0,022 pg/ml, IgE sebesar 9,655 pg/ml, IgG sebesar 39,856 pg/ml, IgM sebesar 10,369 pg/ml, dan IFN-γ sebesar 2.617,240 pg/ml.

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ABSTRACT Oil palm is a plant that widely cultivated in Indonesia, with an area of about 11 million hectares in 2014. Oil palm pollen is potential to caused allergy, because it has a small size, much in amount, and was dispersed by wind. This study aims to determine the character of the allergen protein candidate from oil palm pollen by using SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting, and also to know the activity of IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IFN-γ against exposure to oil palm pollen protein performed in vitro on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC). The study begins with the protein extraction from oil palm pollen, which is derived from several regions in Indonesia. The molecular weight of these proteins are analyzed using SDS-PAGE. Allergenic test of allergen protein candidates were tested using 21 serum of allergic patients through Western Blotting method. Oil palm pollen protein also induced in PBMC cultures. The detection of IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IFN-γ were performed using ELISA. The molecular weight of oil palm pollen protein is about 10?80 kDa. Allergenic test results through Western Blotting showed the allergen protein candidates have a size of 14 kDa, 15 kDa, 20 kDa and 31 kDa. Immunoglobulin and cytokine activity successfully detected. The IgA concentrations obtained 0.022 pg/ml, IgE obtained 9.655 pg/ml, IgG obtained 39.856 pg/ml, IgM obtained 10.369 pg/ml, and IFN-γ obtained 2,617.240 pg /ml.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini mengangkat persoalan petani swadaya kelapa sawit dalam menghadapi standar keberlanjutan yang berlaku atas produk kelapa sawit mereka, berupa Tanda Buah Segar TBS . Fokus studi ini adalah menampilkan pengalaman petani di dua desa di Kalimantan Tengah dalam mencari cara dan langkah-langkah yang tepat untuk memenuhi standar RSPO Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil , terutama ketika menggunakan hukum sebagai salah satu instrumen untuk memenuhi standar pasar. Untuk memeriksa pengalaman-pengalaman tersebut maka studi ini menggunakan metode sosio-legal untuk mengeksplorasi aspek sosial dalam penggunaan hukum, sekaligus memperlihatkan kenyataan sosial dalam dari hukum. Sehingga penelitian lapangan akan memeriksa hukum investasi dan perkebunan dalam konteks dua desa ketika digunakan untuk memenuhi standar pasar terhadap keberlanjutan.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis is to disclose the problem of oil palm smallholder farmers in facing the global sustainability standards to crude palm oil. The focus of this study is describing the experiences of farmers in two villages in searching for precise ways and steps to fulfil the Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil standards, especially in dealing with laws as the instrument to achive the requirements of the standard. To analyse those experiences, this study uses the the socio legal method to explore the social aspects of experiencing with legal instruments and at the same time portraying the reality of laws on the ground. The study will challenge whether plantation laws and investment laws are implemented as such when farmers are facing the requirements to achieve the sustainability standards.

Abstrak :
Aditif bensin seperti TEL ataupun MTBE untuk menaikkan angka oktan mulai dihindari penggunaannya sekarang ini. Adanya logam berat dan senyawa kimia beracun di dalam TEL membuat bahan tersebut berbahaya bagi lingkungan dan kesehatan. Mengingat masih diperlukannya bensin dengan kualitas yang baik, maka perlu dibuat zat aditif yang dapat menaikkan angka oktan dan aman bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini, aditif dibuat dengan beberapa proses di antaranya proses transesterifikasi dengan bahan baku minyak sawit. Metil ester yang dihasilkan dari reaksi tersebut selanjutnya mengalami proses perengkahan katalitik dengan katalis H-Zeolit. Produk distilat dari perengkahan ini akan direaksikan dengan HNO3 untuk ditambahkan gugus nitro. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, reaktor fixed bed dengan sistem batch dibuat dan dapat melakukan perengkahan katalitik dengan laju produksi sebesar 2,95 ml/jam, dan efisiensi energi sebesar 6,44%. Perengkahan terjadi pada suhu 320oC. Perengkahan ditandai dengan penurunan densitas dan bertambahnya gugus C=C, C=O dan C-O dan CH3 pada spektrum yang dibandingkan terhadap spektrum referensi 2970 cm-1, yaitu gugus CH2. Selain itu, juga terlihat pada banyaknya molekul lain dengan rantai karbon yang lebih pendek dari metil ester berdasarkan uji GC-MS. Pada aditif bensin, terjadi proses penambahan gugus nitro yang ditandai dengan adanya spektrum FTIR pada frekuensi 1661-1499 cm-1. Hasil nilai oktan dari pencampuran 5% aditif pada bensin premium 95% membuat oktan bensin campuran naik menjadi 90,2 dan 90,3. Dengan perhitungan persamaan linear, angka oktan aditif 1 dan aditif 2 bernilai 105,4 dan 107,4. Sehingga disimpulkan semakin banyak gugus nitro dalam aditif maka semakin tinggi angka oktannya.

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Gasoline additives such as TEL or MTBE to raise the octane number began to preclude use today. The presence of heavy metals and toxic chemical compounds in the TEL making this material harmful to the environment and health. Given the continuing need gasoline with good quality, it needs to be made of additives that can increase the octane number and it?s safe for health and the environment. In this study, an additive made by some process of which the process of transesterification with palm oil feedstock. Methyl ester produced from the that reaction will be cracked with H-zeolite catalysts. Distillate products from the cracking will be reacted with HNO3 to add the nitro group. Based on this research, fixed bed reactor with a batch system is created and can perform catalytic cracking with a production rate of 2.95 ml/hr, with energy efficiency about 6.44%. Cracking occurs at a temperature of 320 oC. Cracking is characterized by decreased density and increased group C = C, C = O and C-O and CH3 on the spectrum is compared against a reference spectrum of 2970 cm-1, the CH2 group. In addition, also seen in many other molecules with shorter carbon chain of the methyl esters by GC-MS test. In the gasoline additive, a process of addition of nitro groups are characterized by FTIR spectrum at a frequency of 1661-1499 cm-1. The results of blending octane value of 5% additive in gasoline octane premium gasoline 95% make the mixture rose to 90.2 and 90.3. With the calculation of linear equations, the octane number additive 1 and additive 2 worth 105.4 and 107.4. As a conclution a growing number of nitro groups in the additive would raise the octane number.

Abstrak :
Serbuk kayu Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebagai hasil limbah dari tanaman kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai adsorben ion logam Cd2+ karena merupakan senyawa lignoselulosa yang memiliki gugus fungsi hidroksil (OH) yang dapat berikatan dengan logam. Kemampuan adsorpsi ini dapat ditingkatkan dengan melakukan treatment delignifikasi dan sulfonasi terhadap serbuk kayu TKKS. Pada perlakuan delignifikasi, optimasi kadar NaOH yang didapatkan adalah 5%, waktu optimal untuk adsorpsi adalah 3.5 jam, serta pH optimal pada pH 8. Untuk serbuk kayu yang disulfonasi, perbedaan pH dan waktu menyebabkan perbedaan daya adsorbsinya terhadap ion logam, dimana pada kondisi pH 6 adsorpsi serbuk kayu semakin baik dibandingkan pada pH di 4 dan 5. Dari model adsorpsi yang didapat, adsorben serbuk kayu TKKS lebih sesuai dengan isoterm Langmuir sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa serbuk kayu TKKS memiliki permukaan penyerapan yang homogen. ......Sawdust Palm Oil (TKKS) as a result of waste from oil palm plantations can be used as adsorbents of metal ions Cd2+ because it is a lignocellulosic compounds having hydroxyl functional groups (OH) that can bind to metals. Adsorption ability can be improved by treatment delignification and sulfonation of sawdust TKKS. In delignification treatment, levels of optimization obtained NaOH is 5%, the optimum time for adsorption is 3.5 hours, and the pH optimum at pH 8. For the disulfonasi Sawdust, pH and time differences lead to differences adsorbsi power to metal ions, where the condition of pH 6 sawdust adsorption better than at pH 4 and 5. From the model obtained adsorption, adsorbent sawdust TKKS more in line with the Langmuir isotherm so it can be concluded that wood dust absorption TKKS have a homogeneous surface.

Abstrak :
the research was based on the lack and expensive of inorganic fertilizer and abundantly of the - K-high content of the empty fruit bunch as oil palm processing waste....

Abstrak :
The focus of this research is to analyze potential environmental impact in the supply chain of palm oil biodiesel industries. Simple Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is applied to analyze impacts, produced by the three main units in the supply chain of Palm-Oil-based Biodiesel, which are Palm Plantation, CPO mill, and Biodiesel Plant. We developed LCA calculation model using spreadsheet software, used to assess a number of input scenarios to evaluate the best scenario, in variation of: land quality, land area and the rate of clearing, land clearing technique and type of the original land. The biggest potential environmental impact is the contribution to global warming impact which emissions are produced mostly from unit plantation. Although plantation has biggest potential to contribute to environmental impact, it also gives biggest reduction to global warming impact. In general, the biggest environmental impact in the LCA category is climate change, followed by photo-oxidant formation and eutrophication. The biggest impacts in the supply chain are from the plantation, especially when choosing the right technique for land clearing. In addition, due to LCA linearity nature, the scenario that we tested does not change the total accumulative environmental impacts.

Abstrak :
The largest region that produces oil palm in Indonesia has an important role in improving the welfare an economy of the society. Oil palm production has increased significantly in Riau Province in every period. To determine the production development for the next few years, we proposed a prediction of the production results. The dataset were taken to be the time series data of the last 8 years (2005-2013) with the function and benefits of oil palm as the parameters. The study was undertaken by comparing the performance of Support Vector Regression (SVR) method and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). From the experiment, SVR resulted the better model compared to the ANN. This is shown by the correlation coefficient of 95% and 6% for MSE in the kernel Radial Basis Function (RBF), whereas ANN resulted only 74% for R2 and 9% for MSE on the 8th experiment with hidden neuron 20 and learning rate 0,1. SVR model generated predictions for next 3 years which rose 3%-6% from the actual data and RBF model predictions

Daerah penghasil kelapa sawit terbesar di Indonesia mempunyai peranan penting dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan dan ekonomi masyarakat. Produksi kelapa sawit mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan di Provinsi Riau dalam setiap kurun waktu, untuk menentukan perkembangan produksi beberapa tahun ke depan, kami mengusulkan suatu prediksi dari hasil produksi. Dataset yang diambil adalah data time series dari data yang diperoleh selama 8 tahun terakhir (2005-2013) dengan fungsi dan manfaat kelapa sawit sebagai parameter. Dalam implementasinya peramalan dilakukan dengan membadingkan kinerja metode Support Vector Regression (SVR) dan Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Dari percobaan, SVR menghasilkan model terbaik dibandingkan dengan ANN yaitu ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 95% dan MSE 6% pada kernel Radial Basis Function (RBF), sedangkan ANN hanya menghasilkan R2 sebesar 74% dan MSE 9% pada percobaan ke-8 dengan hidden neuron 20 dan learning rate 0,1. SVR model menghasilkan prediksi untuk 3 tahun kedepan yang memiliki kenaikan antara 3%-6% dari data aktual dan prediksi model RBF

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The Oil derrived from the oil palm plant has become one of the most contested agricultural commodities in Southeast Asia, and development of novel uses for it is in high demand. Trehalose fatty acid esters have begun attracting attention due to their specific potent applications (based on the exceptional intrinsic properties of the hydrophilic trehalose part) and their amphiphilicity. In order to enhance the usability of palm products and trehalose fatty acid esters, in this present study we focused on the use of trehose fatty acid monoesters (TMEs) prepared with natural fatty acids extracted from oil palms as cryoprotectants.