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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur dan komposisi komunitas jenis tumbuhan bawah di areal Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango.° Penelitian dilakukan di tiga lokasi yaitu lereng bawah, lereng atas, dan punggung bukit.° Pengumpulan data dilakukan dari bulan April hingga September 1999.

Pencacahan flora menggunakan metode berpetak dengan 2 buah transek sepanjang 275 m. Pada setiap transek dibuat 25 petak berukuran lx1 m dengan jarak 10 m antar petak.

Hasil pencacahan tumbuhan bawah pada 150 petak lx1 m2 di tiga lokasi penelitian Gunung Masigit mencatat 43 jenis tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam 39 marga dan 35 suku, dengan jenis-jenis utama Dipteris conjugata, Blechnum finlaysonianum, Impatiens javensis, tlrena lobata, Reds sp, Elatostemma sp, Smilax zeylanica, Schima wallrchrr, Phaius sp, Vitis adnanta, Dendrochyllum sp, Cyperus sp.

Sebaran jenis tumbuhan bawah di lokasi penelitian, khususnya di Lereng Bawah dan Punggung Bukit, sangat heterogen. Penyebaran jenisjenis tertentu umumnya tidak terkait dengan sebaran jenis-jenis iainnya. Komunitas tumbuhan bawah di Lereng Bawah dan Lereng Atas dapat disebut sebagai komunitas Dipteris conjugate, sedangkan di Punggung Bukit disebut asosiasi D.conjugata-B.fnlaysonianum. Karakteristik tumbuhan bawah di lokasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunitas tumbuhan di sana telah mengalami gangguan. Kadar air lapangan yang dimiliki jenis-jenis dominan seperti Dipteris conjugata dan Blechnum finlaysonianum, yang hanya sekitar 30 %, memiliki resiko.tjnggi terhadap bahaya kebakaran.

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ABSTRACT
Composition and Structures Community Lowland Fires in Gunung Masigit and Preliminary Study of Natural Regeneration Forest Fire Gunung Masigit, G. Gede-Pangrango National ParkGunung Gede Pangrango National Park, is one of the Long-term Ecological Research Site in Indonesia. In the late 1997, the fires have burnt and destroyed nearly 300 ha forest in this park . Of nine location of hot spots recognized G.Masigit was the largest burnt area with the tot& of 250 ha . Undergrowth vegetation got the most severe impacts. Almost undergrowth vegetation in various location in study site were totally burnt. However, with in three months following burning new seedlings such as Omalanthus populneus, Macaranga tanarius , Trema orientalis appeared in the forest floor.°

Abdulhadi et al. (1999) reported that those species were found as the component of seed bank in a permanent plot of this forest. Thus, it is believed that those seedlings might be recruited from seed bank or seed rain.

The objective of the research is to find out the composition and structure of undergrowth forest a community after forest fire in Gunung Masigit, G. Gede-Pangrango National Park.

Data collection were carried out between April and September 1999 at three areas, i.e. upper slope, lower slope, ridge. Four transects of 275 m were established within each site; each two transects established in burnt and unburnt forest. A long the each 275 m transect 25 plots of l x1 m were established with the interval of 10 m.

A total of 43 species belong to 39 genera and 35 families were recorded within 150 plots of unburnt sites. The dominant species of the unburnt sites were Dipteris conjugata, Blechnum fnlaysonianum, Impatiens javensis, Urena lobalata, Pteris sp, Elatostemma sp, Smilax zeylanica, Schima wallichii, Phaius sp, Vitis adnanta, Dendrochy1/um sp, Cyperus sp.

Based on their important value indices (I V I) the plant communities in lower and upper slopes were called Dipteris conjugata community, while in ridge site was an association of D_conjugata and Blechnum fin/aysonianum. The composition of undergrowth forest community observed during this study clearly indicated that G. Masigit has experienced some kind of disturbance before the fire in the late 1997.

Field water capacities of the dominant plants of the undergrowth forest were about 30 %. It is believed that this condition makes the forest is under high risk of fires.

The species richness of born sites was higher than in unburnt sites due to occurrence of the secondary species such as Melastoma balatrichum and Omalanthus populneus, that were not found in the unburnt site. There were 38 species found on the ridge, as the richest site, followed by upper slope 33 species , and the lower slope 21 species. Based on the life form, the undergrowth species in burning area can be classified to 18 species of trees, 6 species of shrubs, 9 species of lianas, 15 species of herbs, and 5 species of ferns.

The undergrowth forest community in burnt sites was dominated by herbs and ferns indicated that the community was still in an early succession. The LVI of plant communities in burnt site showed that the lower slope was the association of Pteris sp-Flatostemma sp., the upper slope was a community of Cyperus sp, and the ridge was the association of Cyperus sp-Pteris sp.

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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Masalah perpindahan pusat kerajaan Mataram Kuno pada abad I0 dari daerah Jawa Tengah ke Jawa Timur pernah menjadi salah satu isu penting dalam kajian arkeologi dan sejarah kuno Indonesia dalam tahun 1930-an. Namun demikian belum mendapat tanggapan yang memadai. Dalam buku monumentalnya berjudul Hindu-Javaansche Geschiedenis, Dr. N.J. Krom mengajukan pendapat bahwa Ietusan Gunung Merapi, yang dalarn kenyataannya merupakan gunung api paling aktif di Indonesia, dianggapnya mungkin menjadi faktor penyebab terjadinya perpindahan tersebut, selain faktor-faktor lain yang dikemukakannya pula yaitu: pemberontakan oleh vazal yang ada di Jawa Timur, wabah penyakit epidemik, dan pertimbangan politik (Krom 19311206--9).

Seiain Dr. J.G. de Casparis (1958), yang menanggapi masalah itu dari sudut ancaman kerajaan Sriwijaya dan adanya kesadaran akan pentingnya perdagangan interinsuler, dan Dr. B. Schrieke (1957) yang melihatnya dari segi beratnya beban masyarakat dalam pembangunan sejumlah besar candi di Jawa Tengah, Boechari memandangnya dari segi letusan Gunung Merapi. Menurut Bocchari (1976) perpindahan pusat kerajaan Matararn Kuno ke Jawa Timur itn disebabkan oleh gejala alam yang hebat yaitu letusan gunung api yang dahsyat di Jawa Tengah yang tidak Iain ialah Gunung Merapi.

Sebagai hipotesis sudah tentu pemyataan hubungan sebab-akibat antara letusan gunung api dan pindalmya pusat kerajaan itu harus dibuktikan atau didukung oleh data yang memadai. Berkenaan dengan hal itulah penelitian ini bertujuan untuk lebih dahulu memberikan dan memahami perilaku alam Gunung Merapi beserta kegiatan-kegiatan dan pengaruhnya pada bentang lahan daerah Merapi Selatan, sebagai tempat di mana masyarakat Jawa Kuno masa itu bermukim dan memanfaatkan potensi lingkungan alamnya untuk keperluan hidupnya. Dengan menggunakan prlnsip uniformitarianism, informasi yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu bahan interpretasi arkeologi yang berguna sehingga akan lebih terbuka kesempatan bagi kita untuk menilai Iebih jauh apakah hipotesis tersebut dapat didukung atau tidak.

Abstrak :
Studi Keankaragaman Hayati Di Situs Song Keplek Punung Pegunungan Sewu, Kabupaten Pacitan, Jawa Timur Pasca Sarjana Biologi-FMIPAUI,2000 Penelitian fosil polen dan spora di Danau Wuyang Warak dan Kerta Gebang Kawasan karst Pegunungan Sewu, Jawa Timur, dilakukan pada 3 periode, yaitu : 20 - 23 Desember 1997, 26 28 April 1998, dan tanggal 7 - 8 Maret 1999. Pengambilan contoh tanah dilakukan dengan teknik pengeboran sampai kedalaman ± 6 m. Di setiap lokasi diambil masing-masing dua contoh tanah. Pengamatan polen dan spora menggunakan mikroskop binokuler transmisi merek Leits dengan perbesaran 1.250 kali. Determinasi dilakukan pada foto polen menggunakan buku- buku acuan ; Erdtman (1943 & 1986), Hyde & Adams (1958), Kapp (1969), Huang (1972), Moore & Webb (1978), Morley (1977), Murillo & Bless (1978) dan foto-foto koleksi laboratorium eksploitasi LEMIGAS, Jakarta serta preparat dan slide yang telah teridentifikasi. Hasil identifikasi fosil polen dan spora mengindikasikan bahwa di daerah penelitian pernah menjadi habitat bagi tumbuhan mangrove, back mangrove, hutan rawa air tawar, hutan hujan pegunungan bawah, hutan hujan pegunungan atas dan bawah, serta riparian. Masyarakat di kawasan karst Kecamatan Punung Pegunungan Sewu mengupas lapisan kapur pada lahan yang datar dan setengah miring untuk dijadikan sawah dan kebun serta menanam jenis tanaman yang dianggap mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi tanpa mernperdulikan kemampuan medium tumbuh. Pola eksploitasi pertanian tradisional yang ada yaitu pola pertanian di Pulau Jawa yang intensif dan pola di luar Pulau Jawa dengan cara tebas bakar dan masa kosong. Pola pertanian di kawasan karst Pegunungan Sewu berkembang akibat adanya pertambahan penduduk, pemekaran pemukiman dan daerah pertanian yang menggunakan pola bertani intensif dengan memanfaatkan daerah-daerah marginal atau hutan lindung.

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Situs Song Keplek is one of the pre-historic sites which is located at Kecamatan Punung apart the Sewu mountain limestone formation right in the border of Central and East Java provinces. The limestone formation of the Sewu mountain had undergone several physiographic transformations since the Pleistocene time or from two million years ago up to the present. This study is intended to describe past ecosystem Situs Song Keplek based on fossilized pollens and spores escavated from the sites and present floral composition of the situs. The research was carried (conducted) out in three different visits on December 20 - 23, 1997; April 26 - 28 1998, and March 7 - 8 1999. The fossil samples were taken from the bottom or the sediment of Wuyang Warak lake which is still watered up until today and Kerta Gebang lake which is only seasonally watered. The study identified 53 species of 29 families of plants. In Wuyang Warak lake, it was found 29 species of angiosperms and 9 species of pteridophytes with high frequency of Monoprites annulatus (83 pollens), followed by Cyatides sp. (50 spores), Blechnum fraxineum (46 spores), Lycopodium elavatum (28 spores), Podocarpus amaurus (28 pollens), and Lycopodium microphyllum (27 spores). In Kerta Gebang lake, there were 17 species of angiosperms and 18 species of pteridophytes with high frequency of Monoprites annulatus (210 pollens), followed by Podocarpus amaurus (163 pollens), Pteris ensiformis (17 spores), Selaginella sp. (11 spores), and Mimosa sp. (10 pollens). Sorensen similarity indeks reveals an index of 24% similarity of pollens and spores between two lakes.This figure indicates that the two locations were different in term of their floral compositions which were probably due to their different physiographic environment altitude during the past. Approximately about 10000 years ago, the sites probably composed of the mangrove back mangrove fresh water tropical rain forest and riparian ecosystems. The incontinuity of the vegetation pattern in the area could be related to the change of the climate as well as by the presence of human being in the environment since long time. The findings of Wuyang Warak and Kerta Gebang lakes show a similarity with those of Julianto (1994) who conducted a research in Nampol formation, Jaten formation, and Andjarwati (2000) who conducted a research in Situs Kali Banjar and Situs Gua Tabuhan. The pollen and spore fossils found in Jaten formation concisted of 53 species and 5 families of plants, while in Jaten formation concisted of 32 species and 5 families of plants, in Situs Kali Banjar, the pollen and spore fossils were from 21 familiesof plants and in Situs Gua Tabuhan were from 16 families of plants. Karst vegetation of the Sewu mountain is not various and mostly composed of wild bushes grows covering the slope of the hill. This is because the people replace the formely existing forest with vegetation of economic value. Our record on the Baduy practice of agriculture, indicates that traditional wisdom contribute to the conservation of the environment as well as the variety of the local plants and forest. The slash and burn practice of agriculture does not disturb the soil surface, hence proverigation of the soil is prevented.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas tentang peran Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai dan partisipasi masyarakat Desa Cisantana dalam pengelolaan Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, serta persepsi masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan TNGC dikaitkan dengan ketahanan daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah BTNGC telah melaksanakan tugas dan program kegiatan yang melibatkan masyarakat Desa Cisantana dengan optimal. Sementara itu, masyarakat Desa Cisantana merasa belum dilibatkan sepenuhnya dalam pengelolaan TNGC sehingga belum merasakan manfaat dari keberadaan TNGC. Perbedaan persepsi antara masyarakat Desa Cisantana dan pemerintah/BTNGC, berpotensi menimbulkan konflik kepentingan sehingga akan menggangu ketahanan daerah. Karena itu pemerintah perlu mengambil kebijakan yang dapat menyatukan persepsi keberadaan TNGC dan mencari solusi pengelolaan partisipatif bagi masyarakat yang terkena dampak penetapan kawasan TNGC. ...... This thesis discusses the role of the National Park of Mount Ciremai and the participation of Cisantana community in the management of the Ciremai Mountain National Park, also the perception of community on TNGC management associated with regional resilience. This study used a qualitative approach. The result obtained from this study is BTNGC has undertaken an optimal task and program activities involving Cisantana community. Meanwhile, Cisantana community has not been fully involved in the TNGC management, so it has not felt any benefit from the presence of TNGC. The difference perception between Cisantana community and the government/BTNGC, has the potential to create conflict of interest that would interfere with regional resilience. Therefore, the government needs to adopt policies that can unify the perception of the existence of TNGC and look for participatory management solutions for communities affected by the determination of TNGC region

Abstrak :
This book brings together experts from different fields, who used a broad spectrum of methods to investigate the physiological and cellular adaptation of alpine plants from the tree line to the upper limits. Some articles link alpine plant physiology with physiological adaptations observed in polar plants. Tolerance against often high light intensities (including UV), cold or freezing temperatures, in addition to the need for fast tissue development, flowering, and propagation that is managed by alpine plants are to some extent underrepresented in recent research. This volume considers ice formation and winter conditions in alpine plants, the fate of cryophilic algae and microorganisms, cell structural adaptations, sexual reproduction in high altitudes, the physiology of photosynthesis, antioxidants, metabolites, carbon and nitrogen, and the influences of microclimate (temperatures at the plant level, heat tolerance), UV light, weather and ozone. Further information on life processes in alpine extreme environments may additionally yield new insights into the range of adaptation processes in lowland plants.

Abstrak :
This book brings together current knowledge on patterns and processes in the ecology of streams, lakes, and wetlands situated at more than 3000 m above sea level. The alpine headwaters of the large Asian rivers and Lake Titicaca are both well-known and iconic examples. High altitude waters include more than these systems. They are both numerous and cover many habitat types, organisms, and specializations. The book provides an overview of the variety of aquatic ecosystems and habitats, their environmental features, prominent species, and their functional adaptations to the harsh aquatic environmental conditions through to global diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients, community dynamics, species interactions and dispersal, trophic relations, and energy flows. High altitude waters are ideal systems to address a broad range of topical themes in ecology because patterns and processes are both diverse and singular. The book highlights how key concepts in ecology (e.g. the stress gradient hypothesis, the biodiversity, ecosystem functioning relationship) could find relevant study models in high altitude waters. The usual perception of pristine mountain waters is far from true, particularly in the case of high altitude waters at low latitudes where human population density is often high, and local communities live in intimate contact with, utilize, influence, and exploit these aquatic systems. Climate change effects, extinction risks of mountain populations due to vanishing glaciers, multiple human impacts, management, and conservation are also treated thoroughly. The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and numerous pictures of these poorly known systems and species.