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Abstrak :
Metronidazol merupakan salah satu obat yang mempunyai efek anti-inflamasi yang dipergunakan untuk pengobatan penyakit rosacea. Saat ini, di Indonesia belum tersedia metronidazol dalam bentuk krim sehingga pada pelaksanaan pelayanan kefarmasian, tenaga kesehatan mengalami keterbatasan dalam mengobati rosacea secara topikal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan formula krim metronidazol dengan karakterisasi fisik yang baik dan memperoleh data stabilitasnya. Formulasi krim menggunakan Glyceryl Stearate Citrate sebagai emulgator dengan variasi penggunaaan sebesar 2% (F1), 4% (F2), dan 6% (F3). Hasil formula krim dievaluasi berdasarkan pengamatan organoleptis, pengujian pH, pengujian viskositas dan sifat alir, pengujian daya sebar, uji hedonik, dan pegujian kadar menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Sementara untuk uji stabilitas, dilakukan uji stabilitas mekanik (sentrifugasi); uji stabilitas penyimpanan pada suhu rendah (4±2°C), suhu kamar (25±2°C), dan suhu tinggi (40±2°C) selama 12 minggu; dan cycling test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua formula memiliki organoleptis sediaan yang baik selama penyimpanan. Dari penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan Glyceryl Stearate Citrate sebesar 4% sebagai emulgator pada formula krim metronidazol mempunyai kestabilan secara fisik dan kimia terbaik dengan organoleptis, nilai viskositas, dan sifat alir yang stabil, serta memiliki pH yang stabil. ......Metronidazole is a drug that has an anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat rosacea. Currently, metronidazole cream is unavailable in Indonesia, thus in pharmaceutical practice, health workers get limitations in treating rosacea. This study aims to develop formula for metronidazole cream with good physical characteristics and obtain stability data. The cream formulation used Glyceryl Stearate Citrate as an emulsifier with variations in usage of 2% (F1), 4% (F2) and 6% (F3). The results of the cream formula were evaluated based on organoleptic observations, pH value, viscosity and flow property, spreadability, hedonic test, and drug level determination by spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Meanwhile, the stability test was done by mechanical stability test (centrifugation); storage stability test at low temperature (4±2°C), room temperature (25±2°C), and high temperature (40±2°C) for 12 weeks; and cycling test. that were stable The results showed that all formulas had good organoleptic properties during storage. This study concluded that using 4% Glyceryl Stearate Citrate as an emulsifier for metronidazole cream formula demonstrated the best physical and chemical stability and a stable organoleptic appearance, viscosity, flow properties, and pH.

Abstrak :
Di Indonesia saat ini penyakit menular terutama Infeksi Menular Seksual (IMS) masih menjadi masalah utama. Infeksi T. vaginalis melalui hubungan seksual terutama pada PSK yang berganti-ganti pasangan mempunyai angka yang tinggi dan saat ini pengobatan utama adalah dengan menggunakan amebisid metronidazole. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah pengobatan dengan metronidazole pada waktu dan dosis yang sesuai masih bersifat amebisid yang ampuh terutama pada populasi PSK yang rentan koinfeksi. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimental dengan desain satu grup pretest-post test dengan pengambilan data melalui sekret vagina PSK sebelum dan sesudah pengobatan metronidazole dan diwarnai larutan giemsa kemudian dilihat dibawah mikroskop. Responden penelitian ini adalah PSK yang terinfeksi T. vaginalis sebanyak 100 orang di daerah Tangerang, Banten. Didapatkan sebelum pengobatan metronidazole terdapat 16 responden (16%) dengan infeksi kurang dari 10 T. vaginalis dan terdapat 84 responden (84%) dengan infeksi lebih dari 10 T. vaginalis. Setelah pengobatan dengan metronidazole didapatkan 56 responden (56%) yang sudah tidak terinfeksi, 43 responden (43%) yang terinfeksi kurang dari 10 T. vaginalis, dan 1 responden (1%) dengan infeksi lebih dari 10 T. vaginalis. Dari penelitian ini menunjukan hasil bahwa PSK dengan frekuensi berhubungan seksual sering sampai sangat sering masih efektif untuk diobati dengan metronidazole. ......Infectious diseases, especially Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs) is still one of the main health problem in Indonesia. There is a high prevalence rate for Trichomonas vaginalis infection through sexual intercourse, especially in commercial sex workers who have multiple sex partners. Amebisid Metronidazole is the drug of choice for this infection. The goal of this research is to identify if metronidazole treatment is still effective especially in the commercial sex workers population, who is vulnerable to coinfection. Experimental study design is used in this research, using pretestposttest method and data sampling from vaginal discharge before and after metronidazole treatment and then inspected using a microscope with giemsa staining. Responden for this research is 100 commercial sex workers who is infected with Trichomonas vaginalis at Tangerang, Banten. Obtained before treatment metronidazole are 16 respondents (16%) with number of infection T. vaginalis is less than 10 and there are 84 respondents (84%) with number of infection more than 10 T. vaginalis. After treatment with metronidazole obtained 56 respondents (56%) who are not infected, 43 respondents (43%) were infected with T. vaginalis is less than 10, and 1 respondent (1%) with number of infection more than 10 T. vaginalis. This findings shows that treatment with metronidazole is still effective in commercial sex workers with frequent sexual intercourse.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang : Asosiasi Gastroenterologi Indonesia melaporkan bahwa infeksi H. pylori di Indonesia telah mencapai 22,1% dari pasien dengan gejala dispepsia. Salah satu masalah dalam pengobatan infeksi H.pylori yaitu terdapatnya resistensi H.pylori terhadap antibiotik. Metronidazol telah dilaporkan menunjukkan resistensi terbesar 46,7% di Indonesia, dan sampai saat ini metronidazol masih digunakan sebagai terapi lini pertama. Peneliti sebelumnya telah melaporkan bahwa terdapatnya mutasi gen rdxA H. pylori dapat digunakan sebagai penanda resistensi metronidazol. Bentuk kokoid dari H. pylori sulit dideteksi oleh biakan. Alternatif uji lain yaitu menggunakan uji biologi molekuler yaitu deteksi mutasi menggunakan uji PCR diikuti dengan sekuensing DNA. Tujuan : Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi baru tentang pengembangan uji resistensi H. pylori, menambah literatur sekuens unik gen rdxA H.pylori dan untuk menentukan mutasi gen rdxA H. pylori yang diprediksi berperan dalam resistensi H. pylori terhadap metronidazol. Metode : Penelitian ini bersifat eksploratif menggunakan 34 sampel blok parafin biopsi lambung yang telah dikonfirmasi mengandung DNA H.pylori pada uji real time PCR. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji nested PCR dan diikuti uji sekuensing DNA, kemudian dilanjutkan analisis bioinformatika yang terdiri dari analisis perubahan asam amino, homologi, filogenetik, konformasi protein dan penambatan molekuler (docking). Hasil : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dijumpai terdapatnya mutasi pada gen rdxA akibat insersi dua asam amino, substitusi, frameshift, dan ditemukan premature stop codon. Hasil analisis docking menunjukkan bahwa senyawa metronidazol kurang efektif terhadap H.pylori yang memiliki mutasi insersi dua asam amino, sedangkan H.pylori yang memiliki mutasi substitusi (tanpa insersi) menunjukkan afinitas yang lemah antara metronidazol dan gen rdxA H.pylori. Kesimpulan : Metode molekuler dapat menjadi uji alternatif untuk menguji resistensi H. pylori terhadap antibiotik. Telah ditemukannya sekuens unik berupa insersi dua asam amino yang belum ditemukan pada literatur lain, dapat menambah ilmu pengetahuan bagi para ilmuwan dibidang sains kedokteran. Keberadaan gen rdxA H.pylori yang bermutasi telah dibuktikan dapat menyebabkan resistensi terhadap metronidazol melalui analisa docking. ......Background : The Indonesian Gastroenterology Association reports that H. pylori infections has reached 22.1% of patients with dyspeptic symptoms in Indonesia. One of the problems in the prevention and treatment of H. pylori infection is H. pylori resistance to some antibiotics as first-line therapy. Metronidazole has been reported to show the greatest resistance of 46.7% in Indonesia, and to date metronidazole is still used as first-line therapy. The presence of rdxA gene mutations in H. pylori isolates can be used as a marker of metronidazole resistance. The cocoid form of H. pylori is difficult to detect by culture. Another alternative test is to use molecular biology tests, namely the detection of mutations using the PCR test followed by DNA sequencing. Aim : This research is expected to provide new information about the development of H. pylori resistance tests, add to the unique sequences H.pylori rdxA gene literatur and to determine the H. pylori rdxA gene mutation plays a role in H. pylori resistance to metronidazole. Methods : This explorative study used 34 samples of gastric biopsy paraffin blocks that were confirmed that were confirmed to contain H. pylori DNA Indonesian strain in a real time PCR test. The sample was analyzed using a nested PCR test and followed by DNA sequencing test, and bioinformatics analysis consisting of amino acid changes, homology, phylogenetics, protein conformation and molecular docking. Result : In this study, the results showed that mutations were found in the rdxA gene sequence due to the insertion of two amino acids, substitution, frameshift, and found premature stop codon. The results of the docking analysis showed that the metronidazole compound was less effective against H. pylori which had insertion of two amino acids, whereas H. pylori which had substitution (without insertion) showed a weak affinity between metronidazole and the rdxA gene. Conclusion : Molecular method can be an alternative to test H. pylori resistance to antibiotics. The discovery of a unique sequence in the form of the insertion of two amino acids that have not been found in other literature, can increase knowledge for scientists in the field of medical science. The presence of the mutated H. pylori rdxA gene has been shown to cause resistance to metronidazole through docking analysis.

Abstrak :
Metronidazole gel 25% as an adjunct to scaling and root planing showed clinical effect better than scaling and root-planing alone. In Indonesia metronidazole gel is not popular, since probably it is expensive and not easy to obtain, so there is an idea to make metronidazole gel 25% mixture with relatively cheaper. The purpose of the study was to evaluate clinical effect of metronidazole gel 25%. Thirty Chronic Adult Periodontitis patients possessing at least 3 teeth >6mm pocket dept, >4 mm attachment loss, and bleeding on probing were selected and grouped into metronidazole 25%, PVP-I 10%, and as controle respective. After SRP of all quadrant, 3 teeth were randomly selected as respectively metronidazole gel 25% and PVP-I 10% were applied on day 0 and day 7, BOP, PPD, and clinical attachment gain were recorded at baseline and 1 month post therapy. Bleeding on probing was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, pocket depth and attachment gain were analyzed using Anova test. The result showed a significant difference in each group before and after the application. However, metronidazol group was the best compared to the other two groups.