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Abstrak :
Radiology fundamentals is a concise introduction to the dynamic field of radiology for medical students, non-radiology house staff, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, radiology assistants, and other allied health professionals. The goal of the book is to provide readers with general examples and brief discussions of basic radiographic principles and to serve as a curriculum guide, supplementing a radiology education and providing a solid foundation for further learning. Introductory chapters provide readers with the fundamental scientific concepts underlying the medical use of imaging modalities and technology, including ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine. The main scope of the book is to present concise chapters organized by anatomic region and radiology sub-specialty that highlight the radiologist’s role in diagnosing and treating common diseases, disorders, and conditions. Highly illustrated with images and diagrams, each chapter in Radiology Fundamentals begins with learning objectives to aid readers in recognizing important points and connecting the basic radiology concepts that run throughout the text. It is the editors’ hope that this valuable, up-to-date resource will foster and further stimulate self-directed radiology learning—the process at the heart of medical education.

Abstrak :
A general introduction to the principles of diagnosis and treatment of children with brain tumors is presented. Molecular characterization of solid tumors is also presented. Molecular pathways provide putative targets for new therapies. High resolution magic spinning NMR spectroscopy is explained, which is used to determine metabolic profiles for small pieces of intact tissue and whole cells in culture. The differences between adult and pediatric brain tumors are outlined. Various neuroradiological imaging modalities in children with leukemia are detailed. Also are detailed results of clinical trials in pediatric brain tumors, such as medulloblastoma, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, low-grade glioma, high-grade glioma, brainstem glioma, and germ cell tumors, using radiotherapy. Considering the clinical importance of epilepsy in the primary brain tumors in children, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments (surgery and antiepileptic drugs) are discussed.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas batas ketebalan yang diperlukan dalam penggunaan antiscatter grid pada pesawat Siemens Artis Zee yang berada di RS Kanker ldquo;Dharmais rdquo; Jakarta. Pesawat Siemens Artis Zee memiliki fitur fluoroskopi dengan mode yang dapat diatur yaitu low fluoroscopy, medium fluoroscopy dan high fluoroscopy. Pasien direpresentasikan dengan menggunakan fantom Polymethyl Methacrylate PMMA dengan variasi ketebalan 7 ndash;22 cm interval 1 cm. Dosis radiasi diukur pada titik dosis entrans kulit dan dosis transmisi, sedangkan kualitas citra menggunakan parameter resolusi spasial dan SNR, sehingga didapatkan parameter FOM sebagai hubungan antara dosis radiasi dengan kualitas citra SNR . FOM digunakan untuk menentukan batas ambang penggunaan antiscatter grid pada mode fluoroskopi berdasarkan ketebalan fantom. Hasil yang didapatkan untuk batas penggunaan antiscatter grid dimulai maksimum pada mode low fluoroscopy pada ketebalan 11 cm, mode high fluoroscopy pada ketebalan 16 cm dan pada mode medium fluoroscopy tidak disarankan penggunaannya karena hanya meningkatkan dosis tanpa meningkatkan kualitas kualitas citra. ......The study discusses the threshold of thickness required for antiscatter grid use on Siemens Artis Zee at ldquo Dharmais rdquo National Cancer Center, Jakarta. The device has adjustable modes of low, medium, and high fluoroscopy. Patients are represented by Polymethyl Methacrylate PMMA phantom with a thickness variation of 7 22 cm of 1 cm interval. The dose metrics was measured as the entrance skin dose ESD and the transmission dose, while the image quality metric employed being spatial resolution and SNR, leading the result to FOM as squared SNR per dose. The FOM bridged dose and image quality to determine threshold of antiscatter grid usage on fluoroscopy based on fantom thickness. As a result, antiscatter grid are recommended to be used for objects 11 cm and thicker on the use of low fluoroscopy mode, and 16 cm and thicker objects on high fluoroscopy mode. In medium fluoroscopy mode, no threshold was yielded due to tube current being higher than other modes, hence it is recommended to remove the antiscatter grid during the use of the medium fluoroscopy mode.

Abstrak :
Diagnostic errors are important in all branches of medicine because they are an indication of poor patient care. As the number of malpractice cases continues to grow, radiologists will become increasingly involved in litigation. The aetiology of radiological error is multi-factorial. This book focuses on (1) some medico-legal aspects inherent to radiology (radiation exposure related to imaging procedures and malpractice issues related to contrast media administration are discussed in detail) and on (2) the spectrum of diagnostic errors in radiology. Communication issues between the radiologists and physicians and between the radiologists and patients are also presented. Every radiologist should understand the sources of error in diagnostic radiology as well as the elements of negligence that form the basis of malpractice litigation.

Abstrak :

Dosimetri elektron ionometrik dalam fantom plastik yang setara dengan air telah diterapkan menggunakan beragam standar untuk pengukuran dosis serapan terhadap air, seperti protokol IAEA TRS-398 dan AAPM TG-51. Pawiro dkk. menggunakan metode kalibrasi yang dimodifikasi untuk berkas elektron pada berbagai akselerator linier (LINAC) sesuai dengan protokol IAEA TRS-398, menggunakan beberapa kamar ionisasi dalam fantom air, dan mencapai hasil yang memuaskan. Penelitian ini menilai metode kalibrasi LINAC yang dimodifikasi untuk berkas elektron megavolt dalam hantu padat RW3 dibandingkan terhadap fantom air. Penelitian ini menggunakan energi 6, 9, 12, 15, dan 18 MeV keluaran akselerator linier Varian Trilogy. Pembacaan muatan dilakukan menggunakan ruang ionisasi IBA PPC40, CC13, dan FC65G, semuanya terhubung ke elektrometer IBA. Faktor penskalaan kedalaman dan pengaruh yang dirancang khusus untuk hantu padat RW3 telah diterapkan. Perhitungan dosis menggunakan formula untuk kalibrasi berkas elektron yang dimodifikasi, dengan mengintegrasikan faktor kQ yang direvisi dari penelitian sebelumnya. Dosis radiasi yang diserap berkas elektron dinyatakan dalam dosis per unit monitor (cGy/MU). Penelitian ini berfokus pada penerapan metode kalibrasi yang dimodifikasi untuk keluaran berkas megavolt Varian Trilogy Accelerator, memanfaatkan air dan fantom padat RW3 sesuai TRS- 398 pedoman. Dosis serap radiasi rata-rata sedikit berbeda bergantung pada jenis fantomdan protokol. Pengukuran dosis serapan terhadap air untuk ruang ionisasi IBA PPC40, CC13, dan FC65G menunjukkan hasil yang konsisten, berada dalam kisaran ketidakpastian relatif 0,3% hingga 1,2%. viii University of Indonesia Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran sejalan dengan toleransi yang diizinkan yang diuraikan oleh TRS-398, yaitu dalam kisaran ±2%. Khususnya, hasil yang diperoleh melalui metode kalibrasi yang dimodifikasi untuk berkas elektron pada hantu padat RW3 menunjukkan keakuratan, dengan perbedaan dalam kisaran ±2% dibandingkan dengan pengukuran hantu ai ......Ionometric electron dosimetry within water-equivalent plastic phantoms has been applied utilizing diverse standards for absorbed dose to water measurement, such as the IAEA TRS-398 and AAPM TG-51 protocols. Pawiro et al. utilized modified calibration methods for electron beams on various linear accelerators (LINAC) according to the IAEA TRS-398 protocol, using multiple ionization chambers within a water phantom, and achieved satisfactory results. This research assesses LINAC modified calibration methods for megavolts electron beams within an RW3 solid phantom in comparison to those within a water phantom. The study utilized 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 MeV energies from a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator. Charge readings were taken using IBA PPC40, CC13, and FC65G ionization chambers, all connected to an IBA electrometer. Depth and fluence scaling factors specifically designed for the RW3 solid phantom were implemented. The dosage computation employs a formula for modified electron beam calibration, integrating the revised kQ factor from prior research. The absorbed radiation dose of the electron beam is expressed in terms of dose per monitor unit (cGy/MU).This study focused on implementing a modified calibration method for Varian Trilogy Accelerator's megavolt beam outputs, utilizing water and RW3 solid phantoms as per TRS-398 guidelines. The average absorbed radiation dose varies slightly across threechamber measurements on the accelerator, depending on phantom type and protocol. Absorbed dose to water measurements for IBA PPC40, CC13, and FC65G ionization chambers show consistent results, falling within a relative uncertainty range of 0.3% to 1.2%. These findings indicate that measurements align with permissible tolerance outlined by TRS-398, within ±2%. Particularly, results obtained through modified calibration method for electron beams in RW3 solid phantom demonstrate accuracy, with discrepancies within ±2% compared to water phantom measurements

Abstrak :
Dopo esserci occupati della comunicazione degli esami radiologici nei Pazienti degenti in Ospedale, riteniamo opportuno trattarla anche in quelli ambulatoriali; in modo da completare l'argomento e integrare gli ambiti sanitari. Infatti, negli ambulatori convenzionati vengono effettuate prestazioni sanitarie, che l'Ospedale non è in grado di erogare, anche e soprattutto a Utenti, cioè a persone in apparente benessere, con le seguenti caratteristiche: -comunicazione di stato di malattia in fase pre-clinica,cioè asintomatica; -comunicazione di negatività in presunto malato; -richiamo ad adeguato stile di vita (cultura della salute); -educazione sanitaria. Tutto ciò implica l'integrazione multi-disciplinare (Radiologo, Psicologo, Eticista, Economista, etc..) e l'applicazione di modelli comunicativi-sia di metodo che applicativi-finalizzati e specifici.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi parameter yang optimal dalam simulasi pemeriksaan kranial, toraks, dan abdomen menggunakan sistem digital radiography (DR). Optimasi dilakukan menggunakan phantom in-house dengan objek kontras pada DR Siemens Luminos Agile Max. Pasien pediatrik dipisahkan menjadi empat kelompok usia; grup A (0-1 tahun), grup B (1-5 tahun), grup C (5-10 tahun), dan grup D (10-15 tahun). Kombinasi lapisan PMMA dan cork dengan ketebalan total yang berbeda digunakan untuk mensimulasikan pasien yang termasuk dalam setiap kelompok usia untuk wilayah anatomis yang berbeda (kranial, toraks, dan abdomen). Optimasi dilakukan dalam tiga langkah; kVp, diikuti oleh mAs, dan kemudian optimasi filter tambahan. Semua langkah optimasi dilakukan berdasarkan nilai FOM (figure of merit) yang dihitung sebagai rasio SDNR (signal difference to noise ratio) kuadrat dan entrance surface dose dengan FOM tertinggi yang mewakili kondisi optimum. Hasil dari optimasi ini dievaluasi berdasarkan FOM tertinggi yang dihasilkan dari setiap eksposi. Adapun MTF dan CV digunakan sebagai parameter pembanding terhadap nilai FOM yang rancu. Dalam pemeriksaan kranial, FOM tertinggi dihasilkan oleh faktor eksposi 44 kV, 3.2 mAs, dan 0 mmCu atau tanpa filter (A), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, dan 0.1 mmCu (B), 49 kV, 7.1 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (C) dan 50 kV, 9 mAs, dan 0.1 mmCu (D). Untuk pemeriksaan toraks, nilai FOM tertinggi dihasilkan oleh faktor eksposi 45 kV, 2,5 mAs, dan 0,2 mmCu (A), 45 kV, 4 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (B), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (C), dan 47 kV, 6.3 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (D). Untuk pemeriksaan abdomen, nilai FOM tertinggi dihasilkan oleh faktor eksposi 48 kV, 4 mAs, dan 0.1 mmCu (A), 50 kV, 6.3 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (B), 53.5 kV, 8 mAs, dan 0 mmCu (C), dan 58.5 kV, 8 mAs, dan 0 mmCu (D). ......This study was aimed to obtain optimum parameter combination in simulated cranial, thorax, and abdominal examinations using digital radiography (DR) systems. Optimization was performed using in-house phantom with contrast objects on Siemens Luminos Agile Max DR. Paediatric patients were separated into four age groups; group A (0-1 year), group B (1-5 years), group C (5-10 years), and group D (10-15 years). Slab phantoms consisted of PMMA and cork with different total thickness were used to simulate patients belonging to each age group for different anatomical region (cranial, thorax, and abdomen). Optimization were performed in three steps; first kVp, followed by mAs, and then additional filter optimization. All the steps of optimization were performed based on FOM (figure of merit) values calculated as ratio of squared SDNR (signal difference to noise ratio) and entrance surface dose with the highest FOM representing the optimum condition. The results of this optimization were evaluated based on the highest FOM generated from each exposure. For this DR, optimum parameters (i.e. highest FOM) are different for each age group and anatomical region. In cranial examination, the highest FOM are generated by exposure factors of 44 kV, 3.2 mAs, and 0 mmCu filter (A), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, and 0.1 mmCu filter (B), 49 kV, 7.1 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu filter (C) and 50 kV, 9 mAs, and 0.1 mmCu filter (D). For thorax examination, the highest FOM value is generated by exposure factor 45 kV, 2.5 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (A), 45 kV, 4 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (B), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (C), and 47 kV, 6.3 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (D). For abdominal examination, the highest FOM value is produced by exposure factor 48 kV, 4 mAs, and 0.1 mmCu (A), 50 kV, 6.3 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (B), 53.5 kV, 8 mAs, and 0 mmCu (C), and 58.5 kV, 8 mAs, and 0 mmCu (D).

Abstrak :
Radiologic physics -- Concepts of radiologic science -- Radiologic quantities and units -- Fundamentals of physics -- The atom -- Electromagnetic radiation -- Electricity and magnetism -- Electromagnetism -- The x-ray beam -- The x-ray imaging system -- The x-ray tube -- X-ray production -- X-ray emission -- X-ray interaction with matter -- The radiographic image -- Radiographic film -- Processing the latent image -- Intensifying screens -- Beam-restricting devices -- The grid -- Radiation exposure -- Image quality -- Radiographic technique -- Special imaging methods -- Special x-ray imaging -- Mammography -- Mammography quality control -- Fluoroscopy -- Interventional radiology -- Introduction to computer science -- Digital radiography -- Digital fluoroscopy -- Computed tomography -- Spiral computed tomography -- Quality control -- Image artifacts -- Radiation protection -- Human biology -- Fundamental principles of radiobiology -- Molecular and cellular radiobiology -- Early effects of radiation -- Late effects of radiation -- Health physics -- Designing for radiation protection -- Radiation protection procedures

Abstrak :
The three-volume set LNCS 7510, 7511, and 7512 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2012, held in Nice, France, in October 2012. Based on rigorous peer reviews, the program committee carefully selected 252 revised papers from 781 submissions for presentation in three volumes. The second volume includes 82 papers organized in topical sections on cardiovascular imaging: planning, intervention and simulation, image registration, neuroimage analysis, diffusion weighted imaging, image segmentation, computer-assisted interventions and robotics, and image registration, new methods and results.