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Abstrak :
Plastik sintilator adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi radiasi ionisasi. Dalam penelitian ini, plastik sintilator dibuat menggunakan matrik epoksi dengan metode polimerisasi. p-Terphenyl (PTP) dan 1,4-Bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)benzene (POPOP) digunakan sebagai dopan primer dan sekunder. Rasio dopan primer dan sekunder divariasikan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap sifat sintilator. Analisis Fourier - Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) mengungkapkan adanya rantai aromatik, yang memainkan peran penting dalam proses sintilasi dengan mempengaruhi efisiensi konversi radiasi energi tinggi menjadi sinyal cahaya tampak. Pada karakterisasi Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) terlihat bahwa penambahan dopan tidak menunjukan perbedaan antara sample sintilator dan matriknya. Dopan aromatik yang ditambahkan tidak mengalami reaksi kimia tetapi terdispersi di dalam matrik. Penyebaran dopan dalam matrik epoksi dapat diamati dari morfologi permukaan epoksi, bintik-bintik molekul dopan masih terlihat jelas di bawah Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sifat sintilasi teramati melalui evaluasi optik, sampel terbukti mampu menyerap foton UV hingga 340 nm dan memancarkan foton dalam rentang panjang gelombang 400-500 nm, dengan puncak pada 423 nm. Analisis spektrum gamma menggunakan 137Cs, menunjukkan bahwa sintilator epoksi merespon sinar gamma yang masuk berdasarkan spektrum Compton yang dihasilkan. Sebagai kesimpulan, plastik sintilator yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini memiliki potensi untuk mendeteksi sumber gamma dan dapat digunakan pada Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM). ......A plastic scintillator is a material utilized for detecting ionizing radiation. In this study, plastic scintillators were created using an epoxy matrix through a polymerization process. The primary and secondary dopants used were p-Terphenyl (PTP) and 1,4-Bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)benzene (POPOP). The ratios of dopants were varied to investigate their effects on the scintillator's properties. FTIR analysis uncovered the presence of aromatic chains, which play a crucial role in the scintillation process by influencing the conversion of high-energy radiation into visible light signals. Characterization with DSC indicated that the addition of dopants did not yield any discernible differences between the scintillator sample and its epoxy matrix. The added aromatic dopants did not undergo any chemical reactions but rather dispersed within the epoxy matrix. This dispersion could be observed in the surface morphology of the epoxy, with visible spots of dopant molecules under the SEM. Optical evaluation showed that the samples effectively absorbed UV photons up to 340 nm and emitted photons within the 400-500 nm wavelength range, peaking at 423 nm. Gamma spectrum analysis using 137Cs demonstrated the epoxy scintillator's responsiveness to incoming gamma rays, correlating with the generated Compton spectrum. To conclude, the plastic scintillator in this research exhibits great potential for gamma detection and can be effectively utilized in RPM.

Abstrak :
Ikan merupakan komoditi pangan dengan kandungan protein yang tinggi, tetapi ikan mudah sekali menjadi busuk. Pengawetan Ikan Bandeng Asap secara radiasi dapat membantu mencegah kerusakan pangan karena mempunyai berbagai keuntungan, yaitu ikan bandeng asap dapat disimpan pada suhu ruang dengan jangka waktu yang relatif lama. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengawetkan ikan bandeng asap agar dapat disimpan pada suhu ruang, selain itu dilihat pengaruh radiasi terhadap pembentukan senyawa MDA (Malondialdehid), PAH (Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon), dan Radikal bebas dengan variasi waktu simpan 0 minggu, 4 minggu, 12 minggu. Hasil yang didapat dari pengolahan data menggunakan ANOVA bahwa untuk PAH dosis radiasi dan lama simpan tidak mempengaruhi konsentrasi PAH. Sedangkan pada MDA, di bagian daging bandeng dosis radiasi dan masa simpan mempengaruhi konsentrasi MDA. Untuk tulang dan kulit dosis radiasi dan masa simpan tidak mempengaruhi konsentrasi MDA. ......Preservation of MilkFish, by ionizing radiation, has been shown to effectively reduce food spoilage so it can be stored in room temperature with a much long period. This review aims at summarizing all available information regarding the impact of irradiation dose on the formation of malondialdehid (MDA), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and free radical with store period 0 week, 4 week, and 12 week. The result from these treatment, by using analysis of variance (ANOVA), is that radiation doses and store period does not impact PAH concentration in fish while MDA does. For bone and skin, the radiation dose and store does not impact on MDA concentration.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas tentang implementasi PP No.33 tahun 2007 tentang keselamatan radiasi pengion di instalasi radiologi Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif Cross Sectional, dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam dengan purposing informan yang mengacu pada prinsip kesesuaian dan kecukupan guna mendapatkan hasil yang akurat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengimplementasian PP No.33 tahun 2007 tentang keselamatan radiasi pengion. Manfaat penelitian ini bagi rumah sakit yang dijadikan tempat penelitian adalah sebagai bahan evaluasi atas implementasi keselamatan radiasi pengion yang telah dilakukan dan masukan atas hal- hal yang belum dilaksanakan dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengimplementasian PP No.33 tahun 2007 tentang Keselamatan Radiasi Pengion di Instalasi Radiologi Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita sudah baik namun memiliki beberapa kekurangan dalam pelaksanaannya. Diantaranya: Pada Persyaratan Manajemen, Tenaga ahli dengan pendidikan yang sesuai belum ada (S2 fisika medis), pelaksanaan tugas masing- masing anggota PPR belum maksimal. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya tumpang tindih peran, dimana Tenaga ahli juga merupakan anggota PPR dan Radiografer. Dan jenis pemeriksaan kesehatan khusus dan pemeriksaan rutin selama bekerja belum maksimal. Pada Persyaratan Proteksi Radiasi belum diketahuinya tentang pembatasan dosis, belum adanya pembagian daerah kerja secara tertulis,dan belum adanya pengadaan alat ukur dosis personal bagi pasien dan pendamping pasien. Pada verifikasi keselamatan belum dilaksanakannya pengukuran paparan radiasi pada alat yang mengalami perbaikan dan pengukuran paparan radiasi secara rutin.

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This research discusses the implementation of Goverment Regulation Number 33 of 2007 on Ionizing Radiation Safety at Radiology Department National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita in 2013. This study used a cross sectional qualitative methods, by conducting in-depth interviews with informants purposing which refers to the principle of suitability and adequacy in order to obtain accurate results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of Government Regulation Number 33 of 2007 on ionizing radiation safety. The benefits of this research for the hospital where the study was used as an evaluation of the implementation of the safety of ionizing radiation that has been done and input on matters that have not been implemented. From the results of the study showed that the implementation of Government Regulation Number 33 of 2007 on Ionizing Radiation Safety at Radiology Department National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita has been good but has some shortcomings in implementation. Among them: In the Requirements Management, experts with appropriate education unmet (medical physics S2), the implementation of tasks of each member of the PPR is not maximized. This is due to the overlap of roles, where the expert is also a member of the PPR and Radiografer. And a kind of special medical examination and routine check has not been carreid out. On Radiation Protection requirements not already know about the dose limitation, the lack of regional division of labor in writing, and the lack of provision of personal dose measurement tool for patients and patient attendants. And yet the implementation of measurement of radiation exposure to the tools and the improved measurement of radiation exposure on a regular basis.

Abstrak :
Pemanfaatan radiasi pengion pada sektor medis seperti diagnostik dan terapi meningkat setiap tahunnya. Penggunaan radiasi pengion perlu dikalibrasi menggunakan dosimeter supaya pemberian dosis yang diterima pasien sudah akurat untuk meminimalisir risiko di kemudian hari. Dosimeter termoluminesensi (TLD) merupakan salah satu dosimeter untuk pengukuran radiasi dengan hasil yang presisi karena dapat menghasilkan distribusi dosis yang homogen. Salah satu jenis TLD yang banyak digunakan yaitu kalsium sulfat (CaSO4) karena memiliki sensitivitas tinggi terhadap radiasi. Penambahan pendadah Mg pada TLD LiF:Mg,Ti dilaporkan dapat meningkatkan sensitivitas TLD. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui konsentrasi pendadah Mg paling optimal untuk CaSO4. Sintesis TLD dilakukan dengan metode ko-presipitasi dari bahan CaCl2.H2O, (NH4)2SO4, dan MgCl2. Konsentrasi pendadah Mg divariasikan dalam jumlah 0,05; 0,1; dan 0,15 mol%. Hasil akhir sintesis berupa pellet yang telah dikompaksi. Analisis uji komposisi dan morfologi sampel dilakukan dengan metode XRF, XRD, dan SEM. Hasil XRF menunjukkan kadar komposisi Mg pada tiap konsentrasi sampel, hasil XRD menunjukkan struktur kristal berbentuk ortorombik, dan hasil SEM menunjukkan morfologi ukuran sampel mengecil karena pemberian pendadah Mg. Hasil uji respons terhadap sinar-X menunjukkan TLD CaSO4:Mg 0,1 mol% memiliki sensitivitas terbaik terhadap radiasi sinar-X berenergi 70 kVp sehingga TLD CaSO4:Mg dapat dipertimbangkan dalam aplikasi medis berenergi radiasi rendah. ......The utilization of ionizing radiation in the medical sector for diagnostics and therapy increases yearly. The use of ionizing radiation needs to be calibrated using dosimeters to ensure accurate dosage administration to patients to minimizing long-term risks. Thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) are widely used for precise radiation measurement due to its ability to provide a uniform dose distribution. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is one of TLD that widely used due to its high sensitivity to radiation. Mg dopant addition to LiF:Mg,Ti TLD has been reported to enhance its sensitivity. This research aims to determine the most optimal concentration of Mg dopant for CaSO4. The TLD synthesis involved co-precipitation method using CaCl2.H2O, (NH4)2SO4, and MgCl2 with the concentration of Mg dopant is varied at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mol%, resulting in compacted pellets. Sample composition and morphology analysis are performed by XRF, XRD, and SEM methods. XRF showed the Mg composition for each sample concentration, XRD showed an orthorhombic crystal structure, and SEM demonstrated that the sample size decreases due to the addition of Mg dopant. X-ray response results indicated that CaSO4:Mg 0.1 mol% TLD has the best sensitivity to 70 kVp X-ray radiation, making it suitable for low-energy radiation medical applications.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Radiasi pengion pada pekerja radiasi berpotensi menimbulkan kerusakan deoxyribonuclei acid DNA berupa double strand break DSB sebagai awal terjadinya ketidakstabilan genom. Kerusakan DNA diantaranya dapat diamati dengan ?-H2AX sebagai biomarker terjadinya DNA DSB. Pembentukan ?-H2AX dalam inti sel dapat terjadi setelah paparan radiasi sebesar 1 mGy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek radiasi di lingkungan pekerja radiasi sebagai studi respon adaptif peripheral blood mononuclear cell PBMC setelah pemberian radiasi dengan mengamati ekspresi foci ?-H2AX.Metode : Sampel darah dari delapan belas pekerja di iradiasi dosis 0 Gy, 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, dan 2 Gy. Selanjutnya dilakukan deteksi dan penghitungan foci ?-H2AX sebelum dan setelah iradiasi pada 50 sel PBMC. Jumlah rerata foci ?-H2AX dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik t-independent test.Hasil : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik jumlah foci ?-H2AX tanpa perlakuan p=0.807 . Hasil penelitian kurva linier menunjukkan bahwa terbentuknya 2-3 foci per sel setelah penyinaran 2 Gy.Kesimpulan : Dari data ini dapat disimpulkan ekspresi ?-H2AX pada PBMC dalam batas normal antara kontrol dan pekerja radiasi dan tingkat risiko kerusakan DNA DSB relatif sama setelah penyinaran pada dosis 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, dan 2 Gy.

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ABSTRACT
Background Ionizing radiation in radiation workers has the potential to cause DNA damage in the form of double strand break as the beginning of genomic instability. DNA damage can be observed with H2AX as the biomarker of DNA double strand break. The formation of H2AX in the nucleus can occur after radiation exposure of 1 mGy. This study aims to determine the radiation effects in radiation work environments as a study of adaptive responses of PBMC after radiation by observing H2AX foci expression.Method Blood samples were eightteen workers were irradiated with doses 0 Gy, 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, and 2 Gy. Further detection and counting of H2AX foci before and after irradiation at 50 PBMCs. The mean number of H2AX foci was analyzed using t independent test.Results Based on the result study, there were no significant differences in the number of H2AX foci without treatment p 0.807 . The results of the linear curve study showed that the formation of 2 3 foci per cell after exposure of 2 Gy.Conclution From this data we can concluded that expression of H2AX in PBMCs within normal limits between control and radiation workers and level of risk DNA DSB damage is relatively similarafter exposure at doses 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, and 2 Gy.

Abstrak :
Dalam penelitian ini, telah dilakukan pengukuran dosis ekuivalen di titik organ tiroid, sumsum tulang belakang, gonad dan jari tangan pada dua pekerja Instalasi Kedokteran Nuklir MRCCC Siloam serta pada dua pekerja RSPP. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran telah berada di bawah nilai batas dosis (NBD) yang telah ditetapkan oleh IAEA dan BAPETEN dan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui laju dosis serta aktivitas radiasi pengion untuk setiap kegiatan dari pekerja di Instalasi Kedokteran Nuklir MRCCC Siloam dan RSPP. Evaluasi dosis ekuivalen kumulatif selama 3 bulan pada setiap organ 4 pekerja memiliki range dosis 0.05 mSv hingga 0.11 mSv pada tiroid, 0.1 mSv hingga 0.19 mSv pada sumsum tulang belakang, 0.08 mSv hingga 0.14 mSv pada gonad dan 0.05 mSv hingga 0.24 mSv pada jari tangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dosis ekuivalen yang diterima pekerja di Instalasi Kedokteran Nuklir MRCCC Siloam dan RSPP tidak melewati batasan dosis untuk pekerja radiasi yaitu 20 mSv/tahun. Pengukuran laju dosis sesaat radiasi pengion paling besar dari setiap kegiatan pekerja ketika menginjeksi radiofarmaka kepada pasien sebesar (25.03±26.57) μGy/hr. ...... Within this research, measurement of equivalent doses have been conducted on the thyroid points, bone marrow, gonads and fingers for two employees at Nuclear Installation of MRCCC Siloam and two employees at RSPP. The result show that it has been below of the dose limit value (NBD) as determined by IAEA and BAPETEN and the purpose of this reasearch is to determine the dose rate of ionizing radiation in all of the activities every day of employees in Nuclear Installation of MRCCC Siloam and RSPP. The evaluation for cumulative equivalent dose of employees for 3 months on organ at risk of 4 employees have range dose 0.05 mSv to 0.11 mSv on thyroid, 0.1 mSv to 0.19 mSv on bone marrow, 0.08 mSv to 0.14 mSv on gonads dan 0.05 mSv to 0.24 mSv on fingers. This results show that radiation dose evaluation for the radiation employees in Nuclear Installation of MRCCC Siloam and RSPP is not exceed of the dose limit from BAPETEN for the radiation employee that is 20 mSv/ year. Measurement of highest dose rate in all of the employee activities is on the employee injection of radiopharmaceutical to patient that is (25.03±26.57) μGy/hr.

Abstrak :
In general, it was assumed that the chromosome aberration induced by ionizing radiation is proportional to the chromosome size. From this viewpoint, the higher chromosome size, the more resistant to radiation. However, different opinions, in which chromosomes are particularly sensitive or resistant to radiation, are also still followed until now. Here in this research, we compared the chromosome sensitivity between chromosomes number 1, 2, and 4 using the FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique. From this research, we expect that the information obtained could show clearly whether a longer chromosome is more frequently involved in translocations and also more resistant to radiation than a shorter one. The type of chromosome aberration considered was limited only to translocation and we used one sample donor in order to avoid donor variability. The whole blood from a healthy female was irradiated with γ-rays with doses of 1, 3 and 5 Gy, respectively. Isolated lymphocytes from the whole blood were then cultured for 48 hours. After the culture process was completed, preparations of harvest and metaphase chromosomes were carried out. Chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 were stained with different fluorochromes. The translocation of each chromosome at each dose point was subsequently evaluated from 50 images obtained from an automated metaphase finder and capturing system. An additional analysis was performed to identify which chromosome arm was more frequently involved in translocation. Further analyses were also conducted with the aim of determining which chromosome band had a higher frequency of radiation-induced breakage. The experimental results showed that chromosome number 4 was more frequently involved in translocations compared to chromosomes 1 and 2 at 5 Gy. In contrast, at doses of 1 and 3 Gy translocations involving chromosomes number 1 and 2 were more numerous compared to the ones involving chromosome 4. However, if the number of translocation was accumulated for all the doses applied, the chromosome number 4 was the chromosome most frequently involved in translocations. Breakpoint analysis revealed that in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, and chromosome 4, the highest chromosome bands as break position were in band q32, p13, and q21, respectively. It can be concluded that chromosome 4 is more sensitive to radiation in all doses point, despite having less DNA content than chromosomes 1 and 2. Thus, it was showed that our research cannot support the general assumption about chromosome aberration induced by radiation being proportional to DNA content.

Abstrak :
Paparan radiasi pengion dosis rendah (<0,5 Gy) dapat menyebabkan gangguan sirkulasi. Namun, belum diketahui apakah paparan radiasi pengion dosis rendah dapat menyebabkan hipertensi. Seorang petugas radiologi berjenis kelamin laki-laki yang berusia 27 tahun menanyakan tentang hasil pemeriksaan berkalanya dimana hasilnya menyatakan ia mengidap hipertensi. Dia juga menyebutkan bahwa pada tahun sebelumnya, hasil pemeriksaan EKG-nya tidak baik, tetapi dia tidak dapat mengingat apa yang dikatakan oleh dokter spesialis jantung. Apakah hipertensi pada pekerja radiologi disebabkan oleh paparan radiasi pengion di tempat kerja? Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui PubMed, Scopus dan Cochrane. Didapatkan sebuah artikel yang relevan, yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sebuah studi kohort oleh Preetha R, et al (2015) menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara risiko hipertensi dan paparan FGIP. Penelitian ini valid dan dapat diterapkan pada pasien saya karena metodenya sesuai dan cukup baik. Selain itu, populasi dalam penelitian ini memiliki kemiripan dengan pasien saya. Namun, hanya ada satu artikel yang ditemukan. Hal ini mungkin dikarenakan kurangnya penelitian mengenai hal ini. Oleh karena itu, hubungan sebab akibat masih belum dapat dibuktikan. Dianjurkan untuk melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan pengukuran paparan dan hasil yang lebih baik. ......Exposure to low dose ionising radiation (<0.5 Gy) can cause circulation disorders. It is not yet known whether exposure to low dose ionising radiation can cause hypertension. A 27-year-old male radiologist asked about the result of his periodic examinations in which written hypertension. He also said that in the previous year, his ECG examination resulted in no good, but he couldn’t remember what the cardiologist said. Does hypertension in radiology workers due to exposure to ionising radiation at work? The literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane. A relevant article, which fitted the inclusion criteria, was found. A cohort study by Preetha R, et al (2015) suggested that there is a relationship between the risk of hypertension and FGIP exposure. This study is valid and applicable to my patient because the method is quite good and suitable. Also, the population in the study is similar to my patient. However, there was only one article found which might be due to the lack of research on this subject. Hence, the causal relationship still cannot be proven. Further research is recommended with a better measurement of exposure and outcome.

Abstrak :
Ionizing radiation that is commonly used in the treatment of head and neck cancer can result in multiple effects, such as cell death (apoptotic or necrotic) and malignant transformation. The purpose of this study was to show in vivo the effect of ionizing radiation on odontoblasts. The experimental laboratory study applied the post-test control group design. The test sample consisted of 24 healthy male Wistar rats, 3–4 month of age and 150– 200g in weight. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each, subjected to irradiation doses of 0 rad, 100 rad, 200 rad and 400 rad. The cobalt 60 irradiation source was applied to the head of each rat. All animals were sacrificed 24 hours after radiation exposure, and the lower insicivus were taken for histopathological specimen processing. The apoptotic status was evaluated by using the TUNEL Assay method. The apoptotic odontoblasts were counted under light microscope. The fraction of apoptotic cells were taken as the mean count from two sides (labial and palatal) of the teeth. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way Anova and Least Significant Different Test ( = 0.05). The results showed that the fraction of apoptotic odontoblasts was 5.15% for 0 rad, 12.72% for 100 rad, 24.32% for 200 rad and 15.22% for 400 rad irradiation. There was a significant difference in the apoptotic percentage of odontoblasts among the four groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the highest fraction of apoptotic odontoblasts was found after a single 200 rad dose.