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ABSTRAK
Pendanaan pembangunan melalui transfer ke daerah merupakan salah satu modal dalam pembangunan daerah yang diberikan oleh Pemerintah Pusat dalam era desentralisasi. Kemandirian fiskal merupakan indikator utama dalam mengukur kemampuan pemerintah daerah untuk membiayai sendiri kegiatan pemerintahan daerah. Kemandirian keuangan daerah tercermin dalam Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal dan Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah. Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal adalah rasio Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap Total Penerimaan Daerah (TPD), sedangkan Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah adalah rasio Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap Total Pengeluaran Daerah (TKD) dalam APBD. Tingkat kemandirian keuangan daerah provinsi di Indonesia selama periode tahun 2003-2010, baik dilihat dari nilai Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal maupun nilai Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah, termasuk dalam kategori sedang karena nilainya masih berada diantara 30 sampai dengan 40 persen.

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ABSTRACT
Development funding through regional transfer is one of the capital provided by the Central Government for regional development in this decentralization era. Fiscal independence is the key indicator to measure the local government’s ability to self-finance their activities. The independence of regional finance is reflected in the Degree of Fiscal Decentralization and the Ratio of Regional Finance Independence. Degree of Fiscal Decentralization is the ratio of Regional Revenue (PAD) to Total Regional Revenue (TPD), while the Ratio of Regional Finance Independence is the ratio of Regional Revenue (PAD) to Total of Regional Expenditure (TKD) in Local Budget (APBD). If it is viewed from the Degree of Fiscal Decentralization value and the Regional Finance Independence Ratio value, the level of Regional Finance Independence in Indonesian provinces over the period of 2003-2010 is included in medium category for the value remains in the range of 30 up to 40 percent.

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Independensi bank sentral sebagai bentuk hubungan bank sentral dan negara mengalami tren peningkatan yang signifikan pasca runtuhnya Sistem Bretton Woods. Tulisan ini berupaya untuk menganalisis fenomena peningkatan bank sentral yang independen dari negara melalui kajian terhadap perdebatan konsep independensi bank sentral di antara dua paradigma dominan, yaitu Keynesianisme dan Neoliberalisme. Dalam prosesnya, tulisan ini memanfaatkan metode tipologi dan taksonomi dalam melakukan survei literatur. Argumen utama yang muncul dari analisis tersebut adalah bahwa narasi literatur yang berkembang dan diterima secara masif di tingkat global dalam isu hubungan bank sentral dan negara telah didominansi oleh perspektif paradigma Keynesianisme dan Neoliberalisme. Berdasarkan survei literatur dengan mengandalkan dua metode utama tersebut, tulisan ini juga menemukan kalau narasi independensi bank sentral masih lebih terbatas hanya pada negara maju dan negara Barat yang kemudian menjadi kesenjangan literatur. Oleh karena itu, terdapat tiga poin yang disasar dalam mendalami topik ini, yaitu pemahaman terhadap interpretasi independensi bank sentral, argumentasi kritis sebagai justifikasi independensi bank sentral, dan peranan bank sentral yang independen dalam arsitektur finansial dan moneter global dilihat dari sudut pandang Keynesianisme dan Neoliberalisme. ......Central bank independence as a form of central bank-state relations experienced a significant increase after the collapse of the Bretton Woods System. This paper seeks to observe the phenomenon of increasing central bank that is independent from the state through deep analyzes to the debate over the concept of central bank independence among two dominant paradigms, Keynesianism and Neoliberalism. Using typology and taxonomy as the main methods, this paper argues that Keynesianism and Neoliberalism have dominated academic narratives in mainstream literatures over this debate. Literature review also found that the concept of central bank independence within these two paradigms is still limited only from developed and Western countries which later became literature gaps. Therefore, there are three main points elaborated in this paper, which are the interpretation of central bank independence, critical arguments as justification for central bank independence, and the role of independent central bank in global financial and monetary architecture from the perspective of Keynesianism and Neoliberalism.

Abstrak :
This study aims to examine the concept of media organizations? performance and the factors that influence their level of performance. Media organizations are often private profit-seeking enterprises but at the same time also have a public side that realizes freedom of speech, which is a core value of democracy. Therefore, a theory of media organizations? organizational performance needs to reflect this duality. We divide media organizations? organizational performance into two categories: economic-industrial and sociocultural. Economic-industrial performance can be defined as how media organizations perform in the market. A typical indicator is how much sales revenue they bring in. In addition, because their revenue heavily depends on advertisements, newspaper subscriptions or television viewer ratings, which are directly connected to advertisement revenue, can be used as performance indicators. Sociocultural performance refers to how media organizations perform with respect to their content. A media organization?s sociocultural performance primarily depends on whether it has accomplished the goals indicated by relevant laws. In addition, sociocultural performance depends on how the contents of a media organization are received by its readers or viewers, which can be identified by media credibility measures that are conducted by many organizations. Factors that influence media organization?s performance include independence, diversity and openness. The present study is a preliminary attempt to provide a conceptual analysis as groundwork for empirical research. We hope this preliminary examination builds a foundation for comparative studies of diverse public organizations such as public hospitals, universities, and public enterprises and can contribute to further theoretical and conceptual discussions about organizational performance.

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ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini didasari terhadap fenomena yang timbul di industri jasa Independence Assurance yang bergerak di bidang jasa survei, inspeksi, dan konsultan di mana kinerja yang diperoleh terkait profitabilitas perusahaan terjadi fluktuasi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk merancang suatu strategi competitive advantage berdasarkan perspektif internal dan perspektif eksternal. Penelitian ini menggali berbagai variabel yang mempengaruhi competitive advantage industri jasa ini khususnya BUMN yang bergerak di bidang jasa survei, inspeksi, dan konsultan yang menghadapi persaingan dengan perusahaan swasta nasional maupun swasta asing.

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ABSTRACT
This study is based on the phenomenon that arises in Independence Assurance Services Industry engaged in surveying services, inspection and consultancy where the company performance relates to its profitability occurre fluctuation. The study was conducted to devise a strategy of competitive advantage based on the internal and external perspective. The study explores many variables that affect the competitive advantage of this service industry, especially for The BUMN companies involving in the survey, inspection and consultant services and facing competition with national private and foreign company.

Abstrak :
One of the important -features. of the 'Arab-Indonesians in Indonesian history is that the Arab-Indonesians have been assimilated themselves into indigineous people. Except in very limited cases, it is very difficult for anybody to distinguish Arab-Indonesians from other Indonesians. Most people consider this assimilation is due to Islam, the religion of all Arab-Indonesians and the religion of the majority of Indonesians. Few people consider it due to the high rate of intermarriage between the Arab-Indonesians and Indonesians. Arab-Indonesians call Indonesians as akhwal, "brothers of their mothers". In addition to the two matters above, this writing tries to present another important matter, that is the role of the Arab-Indonesians in the struggle of Indonesian independence movement. Almost all Arab-Indonesians were on the Indonesians' side against the Dutch, and to some extent Arab-Indonesians had received similar treatment as their brothers, the Indonesians, during the: Dutch colonial period. The first modern movement of Arab-Indonesians, Jamiat Khair, has paid intensive attention to Indonesians. The Jamiat Khair not only receives Indonesians as its members,- such as KHA Dahlan, the founder of Muhammadiyah, but also accepts Indonesian children to its schools. Many Indonesian children have been and are still educated there. These all can also be seen in the other Arab-Indonesian organizations, such as al Irsyad and al Chairaat. Some Arab--Indonesian leaders have great influence on the Indonesians and their leaders. Syekh Ahmad Surkati, the spiritual leader of al Irsyad, for example, was at once KHA Dahlan's closest friend and teacher. He was also the teacher of many Indonesian leaders such as Moh. Roem, M. Rasjidi, Junus Anies, Kasman, Natsir, A. Hassan, and Hail Zamzam, one of the founders of Fersis, Persatuan Islam. Unfortunately, there has been constant dispute among the Arab-Indonesians themselves until the foundation of PAI, Partai Arab Indonesia, by Baswedan and other muwalads, the mixed and local born Arab-Indonesians. Despite their claim that Indonesia is their only mother country, and they struggled, on the side of'Indonesians against the Dutch, all non-Islamic organizations, except Gerindo, refused to accept Arab---Indonesians as their members. After the declaration of Indonesian Independence, however, all Arab-Indonesians became Indonesian citizens. They hand in hand with the Indonesians defended the Republic of Indonesia against the Dutch and their colaborators. Many Arab--Indonesians not only became members but also leaders of both Islamic and non-Islamic organizations, such as PSI, Partai Socialis Indonesia, and PNI, Partai Nasional Indonesia.

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Skripsi ini mengkaji permasalahan hukum dalam pengisian jabatan hakim agung dan hakim konstitusi di Indonesia, dengan tujuan mengusulkan mekanisme pengisian yang bebas dari intervensi politik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian doktrinal dengan pendekatan analitis serta pendekatan perbandingan hukum. Pengisian jabatan hakim di Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi merupakan hal krusial dalam menentukan independensi kehakiman. Berdasarkan temuan, terdapat intervensi politik yang dilakukan oleh DPR dalam pemilihan hakim agung yang ditunjukkan dalam pengambilan keputusan subjektif dan ketidakpatuhan DPR terhadap aturan dalam pengisian hakim agung. Sedangkan dalam pengisian hakim konstitusi, intervensi politik terjadi karena ketiadaan peraturan baku yang memungkinkan penyelundupan hukum oleh Pemerintah dan DPR. Solusi yang diajukan melibatkan penambahan syarat masa tenggang bagi anggota partai politik yang mendaftar sebagai calon hakim agung, penguatan sistem nonrenewable term dan penambahan syarat masa tenggang bagi calon hakim konstitusi. Pemerintah juga disarankan untuk mengatur penambahan ketentuan dalam UU tentang MK yang memaksa lembaga pengusul membentuk mekanisme baku yang transparan, profesional, dan memprioritaskan independensi kekuasaan kehakiman. ......This thesis examines legal issues in the appointment of Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges in Indonesia, aiming to propose a mechanism free from political intervention. The research employs a doctrinal approach with analytical and comparative legal methods. The appointment of judges in the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court is crucial in determining judicial independence. Findings indicate political intervention by the DPR (People's Consultative Assembly) in the selection of Supreme Court judges, evidenced by subjective decision-making and non-compliance with appointment regulations. In the case of Constitutional Court judges, political intervention arises due to the absence of standardized regulations, allowing legal smuggling by the Government and DPR. Proposed solutions involve adding a cooling-off period for political party members applying for the position of Supreme Court judge, strengthening the nonrenewable term system, and introducing a cooling-off period requirement for Constitutional Court candidates. Additionally, it is recommended to amend the Constitutional Court Law to compel proposing institutions to establish standardized mechanisms that are transparent, professional, and prioritize judicial independence.

Abstrak :
In 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic brought down the economies of countries around the world, including Indonesia. To overcome this crisis, President Joko Widodo enacted Government Regulation in lieu of Laws No.1 of 2020, which currently has become Law No. 2/2020 concerning State Financial Policies and FinancialSystem Stability for Handling the Covid-19 Pandemic and/or in the context of facing threats that endanger the national economy and/or financial systemstability. This Law was designed to deal with the financial system crisis caused byCovid-19. However, some views that this Law contained issues that influences the independence of Bank Indonesia. One aspect that touches the independence of Bank Indonesia in this regulation is related to the purchase of long-term Government Bonds on the Primary Market by Bank Indonesia for the Government to conduct the fiscal policies and the PEN Program. Bank Indonesia also funds the state budget deficit through printing money for the Government. The Financial System Stability Committee, which includes the Minister of Finance as coordinator and Bank Indonesia as a member, has a substantial role in Law No. 2 Year 2020. In this regard, economists and experts believe that there has been intervention by the Government against Bank Indonesia’s independence in this pandemic. At the same time, it can also be said that this policy aims to stabilize the financial system due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The normative juridical research method was used in this thesis to analyze how does Law No. 2 Year 2020 influences Bank Indonesia’s independence.