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Abstrak :
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Implementation and Application of Functional Languages, IFL 2011, held in Lawrence, Kansas, USA, in October 2011. The 11 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 33 submissions. The papers by researchers and practitioners who are actively engaged in the implementation and the use of functional and function based programming languages describe practical and theoretical work as well as applications and tools.

Abstrak :
This volume presents the revised lecture notes of selected talks given at the Fourth Central European Functional Programming School, CEFP 2011, held in June 2011 in Budapest, Hungary. The 11 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed by experts on functional programming and revised based on the reviews. The lectures cover a wide range of distributed and multicore functional programming subjects. The last 2 papers are selected papers of the PhD Workshop organized for the participants of the summer school.

Abstrak :
Getting started In this chapter we will introduce some of the main concepts of functional programming languages. In particular we will introduce the concepts of value, expression, declaration, recursive function and type. Furthermore, to explain the meaning of programs we will introduce the notions: binding, environment and evaluation of expressions. The purpose of the chapter is to acquaint the reader with these concepts, in order to address interesting problems from the very beginning. The reader will obtain a thorough knowledge of these concepts and skills in applying them as we elaborate on them throughout this book. There is support of both compilation of F♯ programs to executable code and the execution of programs in an interactive mode. The programs in this book are usually illustrated by the use of the interactive mode. The interface of the interactive F♯ compiler is very advanced as e.g. structured values like tuples, lists, trees and functions can be communicated directly between the user and the system without any conversions. Thus, it is very easy to experiment with programs and program designs and this allows us to focus on the main structures of programs and program designs, i.e. the core of programming, as input and output of structured values can be handled by the F♯ system