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Abstrak :
Jeruk limau adalah salah satu sumber minyak atsiri yang dapat dijumpai secara mudah di Indonesia, tetapi belum banyak penelitian yang menguji manfaatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau dalam menghambat aktivitas enzim tirosinase dan elastase, serta melakukan karakterisasi menggunakan pengukuran massa jenis, indeks refraksi, putaran optik, dan analisis GC-MS. Metode ekstraksi minyak atsiri dilakukan menggunakan distilasi air, kemudian pengujian antitirosinase dan antielastase dilakukan dengan mengukur absorbansi minyak atsiri dalam menghambat enzim menggunakan microplate reader. Asam kojat sebagai pembanding uji antitirosinase memiliki IC50 sebesar 4,26 μg/mL, sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 235,89 μg/mL. Pada pengujian antielastase, pembanding kuersetin menunjukkan IC50 6,12 µg/mL terhadap enzim elastase, sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 40,66 μg/mL. Nilai massa jenis minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau sebesar 0,8317 g/mL, indeks refraksi sebesar 1,467, dan perputaran optik sebesar [α] 25 = +35,10 (c=1, neat, λ=589 nm) yang memberikan informasi awal mengenai kebenaran minyak atsiri yang diteliti. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan adanya senyawa aktif dalam minyak atsiri, yaitu β-pinena, d-limonena, sitronelal, sitronelol, dan α-pinena. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menunjukkan kebenaran minyak atisiri kulit jeruk limau dan potensinya sebagai ihibitor tirosinase dan elastase. ......One such source of essential oil is Citrus amblycarpa, commonly known as kaffir lime, which is readily available in Indonesia, but there have been limited studies exploring its potential applications. This research aims to investigate the inhibitory potential of kaffir lime peel essential oil against tyrosinase and elastase enzymes, while also characterizing its physical and chemical properties through density, refractive index, optical rotation, and GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was extracted using water distillation, and its anti- tyrosinase and anti-elastase activities were evaluated by measuring its absorbance using a microplate reader. The positive control, kojic acid, exhibited an IC50 value of 4.26 μg/mL in the anti-tyrosinase assay, while the kaffir lime peel essential oil sample showed an IC50 value of 235.89 μg/mL. In the anti-elastase assay, the positive control, quercetin, displayed an IC50 value of 6.12 µg/mL, while the kaffir lime peel essential oil sample demonstrated an IC50 value of 40.66 μg/mL. The measured density of kaffir lime peel essential oil was 0.8317 g/mL, with a refractive index of 1.467 and an optical rotation of [α]D25 = +35.10 (c = 1, neat, λ = 589 nm). GC-MS analysis identified several active compounds in the essential oil, including β-pinene, d-limonene, citronellal, citronellol, and α-pinene.

Abstrak :
One of the important substance in the Javanese tumeric was essential oil (atsiri). The essential oil of javanese tumeric was very useful for uman health and medical industries....

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh diversifikasi produk ekspor terhadap kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan utama. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah regresi data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diversifikasi produk ekspor mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan utama secara positif. Jika negara tujuan utama tersebut dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diversifikasi produk ekspor memberikan pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap peningkatan kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia di negara non Uni Eropa dibandingkan di negara Uni Eropa.

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ABSTRAK
This study aims to determine the effect of export product diversification on export performance of Indonesian essential oils in ten main destination countries. It applies panel data regression. The result shows that the export product diversification affects the export performance of Indonesian essential oils in ten major destination countries positively. If the main destination countries were divided into two groups, the result shows that the export product diversification gives greater influence to the improvement of the export performance of Indonesian essential oils in non European Union countries than in European Union countries.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pestisida nabati berbasis minyak atsiri (essential oils) dapat dijadikan alternatif sebagai protektan tanaman terhadap serangan hama. Senyawa eugenol dalam minyak atsiri cengkeh menunjukkan beberapa aktivitas sebagai insektisida, anti jamur dan anti bakteri, namun bersifat sensitif terhadap degradasi oleh cahaya, panas, oksigen dan masa simpan yang pendek jika disimpan dalam kondisi tidak tepat. Enkapsulasi senyawa eugenol dirasa sangat penting untuk melindungi senyawa yang sensitif dari degradasi, menutupi sifat yang tidak diinginkan dari suatu senyawa, mengurangi kerugian akibat penguapan, mencegah terjadinya ikatan atau interaksi dengan komponen matriks lainnya dan memfasilitasi pelepasan yang terkontrol pada kondisi yang diiinginkan sehingga sesuai untuk dijadikan formula pestisida nabati. Proses optimasi nano enkapsulasi minyak cengkeh menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) digunakan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi cengkeh, buffer fosfat dan kalsium klorida terhadap loading capacity dan efisiensi enkapsulasi produk nano-cengkeh. Persamaan kuadratik terhadap respon loading capacity didapatkan Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC ? 4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2 , dan terhadap respon efisiensi enkapsulasi Y= 57,65 - 20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2. Optimasi variabel bebas untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimal respon loading capacity dan efisiensi enkapsulasi berturut-turut sebesar 64,67% dan 79,64% dengan volume cengkeh , fosfat dan kalsium masing-masing sebesar 9,82 ; 75 dan 18 ml. Diameter rata-rata nanocengkeh terbaik yang didapatkan 179,83 nm. Dari uji sitotoksisitas dengan Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) didapatkan data LC50 minyak cengkeh tanpa enkapsulasi sebesar 7,35 ppm (konsentrasi eugenol 4,445 μg/ml) sedangkan sediaan nanocengkeh sebesar 11,50 ppm (konsentrasi eugenol 0,264 μg/ml ) menunjukkan secara statistik efek enkapsulasi berbeda sangat signifikan terhadap kematian larva Artemia salina Sp. dibandingkan tanpa enkapsulasi dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.

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ABSTRACT
Essential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests. Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterial but it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life when stored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important to protect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducing losses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, and facilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant based pesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effect concentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacity response was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC ? 4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 - 20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2. Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameter of the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm (eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenol concentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different very significantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with a confidence level of 95%., Essential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests. Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterial but it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life when stored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important to protect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducing losses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, and facilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant based pesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effect concentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacity response was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C –2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC – 4,99A2 – 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 - 20,67A – 1,13B + 10,68 C –5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC – 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2. Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameter of the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm (eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenol concentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different very significantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with a confidence level of 95%.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini menganalisa pengaruh daya saing terhadap kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan ekspor. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi data panel dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya saing mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan utama secara positif. Berdasarkan perhitungan RCA Dinamis pada negara Amerika Serikat, India, Cina, Perancis, Belanda, Spanyol, Swiss, Inggris dan Jerman diketahui minyak atsiri Indonesia masuk dalam kategori Rising Star, artinya minyak atsiri Indonesia memiliki keunggulan daya saing pada negara-negara tersebut. Di Singapura, minyak atsiri Indonesia masuk dalam kategori Lagging Opportunity, artinya minyak atsiri Indonesia kehilangan peluang pasarnya

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ABSTRACT
This thesis analyzes competitive effects of Indonesian essential oil exports performance in ten export destinations. By using regression panel data and interviews. The results showed that the competitiveness influence the Indonesian essential oil export performance in ten main destination countries. Based on RCA Dynamic calculations on the United States, India, China, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and Germany are known Indonesian essential oil in the category of Rising Star, which means the essential oil Indonesia has a competitive advantage in these countries. In Singapore, Indonesia essential oil into the category Lagging Opportunity, means the essential oil Indonesia lost market opportunities.

Abstrak :
Minyak atsiri merupakan senyawa penting dalam bahan alam, yang memiliki banyak khasiat bagi kesehatan manusia. Minyak atsiri dapat diambil dari bahan alam dengan proses ekstraksi. Salah satu proses ekstraksi yang sedang menjadi tren penelitian adalah ekstraksi ultrasonik, yang dinilai memiliki banyak keunggulan, seperti kemudahan operasi, energi yang relatif rendah, dan operasi pada temperatur rendah yang dapat menjaga stabilitas senyawa biokimia dalam bunga telang. Salah satu kebaruan dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya penambahan mekanisme probe yang bergerak secara oksilasi, memungkinkan sumber gelombang ultrasonik menjadi dinamis. Selain itu, juga ditambahkan variasi intensitas ultrasonik sebagai parameter optimasi universal dalam ekstraksi ultrasonik. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam analisis adalah metode kuantitatif dengan pengukuran data-data temperatur dan perhitungan fraksi massa minyak atsiri sebagai representasi kuantitas minyak atsiri, metode kualitatif dengan analisis visual perubahan warna emulsi dan distribusi temperatur terhadap waktu, serta metode analitik dengan perhitungan kinetik proses ekstraksi ultrasonik, untuk mengetahui nilai yield, yang direpresentasikan oleh kuantitas senyawa phenolic dengan perhitungan konstanta Peleg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, dengan penambahan probe oksilasi, dapat menyeragamkan distribusi temperatur dan ikatan antara pelarut dan senyawa biokimia dalam bahan alam, atau dengan kata lain, meningkatkan kualitas minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan. Di sisi lain, intensitas ultrasonik yang semakin tinggi dapat meningkatkan volume minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan, yang direpsentasikan fraksi massa minyak atsiri dan analisis kinetik yield terhadap waktu, serta meningkatkan laju ekstraksi yang terlihat dari analisis kinetik dan perubahan warna emulsi terhadap waktu. Hal ini disebabkan karena intensitas ultrasonik meningkatkan efek sonokemistri, kavitasi, turbulensi dan tegangan geser yang meningkatkan kuantitas dan laju ekstraksi. Hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam optimasi proses ekstraksi ultrasonik adalah turbulensi yang terlalu tinggi dapat menyebabkan agitasi dan temperatur yang terlalu tinggi dapat berpotensi merusak senyawa biokimia aktif dalam bunga telang. ......Essential oil is an important compound in natural substances, which has many benefits for human health. Essential oil can be produced from natural substances through the process of extraction. One of the trending extraction processes is ultrasonic extraction, which is considered to have many advantages, including, ease of operation, relatively low energi consumption, and capability to operate at low temperature which keep stabilitizing biochemical compounds inside natural substances, which in this research used butterfly pea flower (Clitoria Ternatea L). The novelty of this research was the application of a mechanism of osscilating moving probe, enabling ultrasonic wave source to be dynamic. Additionally, varieties of ultrasonic intensities was also applied as an universal parameter in optimizing the process of ultrasonic extraction. The methods used in the research were quantitative methods by measuring data of temperatures and calculating essential oil mass fraction, as representatives of essential oil quantity, qualitative methods by visual analysis of emulsion color evolution and temperature distribution through time, as well as analytical method by calculating the kinetics of ultrasonic extraction process, to determine yield, represented by phenolic compound quantity with Peleg’s constant calculation. The results of the research showed that oscilating probe addition could evenly distribute temperature and enhanced the bonds between solvent and biochemical compounds inside the natural substances, in other words, improving the quality of essential oil produced. On the other hand, a rise in ultrasonic intensities could increase essential oil volume produced, which was represented by essential oil mass fraction and kinetic analysis of yield through time, as well as increasing the extraction rate, as shown in kinetic analysis and emulsion color evolution. This was due to higher ultrasonic intensities enhanced sonochemistry effect, cavitation, turbulence and shear stress which increased essential oil quantity and the rate of extraction process. The important issues that needed to be considered in optimizing ultrasonic extraction process was over turbulence which could cause agitation and overhigh temperature which potentially could damage the active biochemical compounds inside butterlfy pea flower as a natural susbtance.

Abstrak :
Minyak atsiri merupakan minyak yang diekstrak dari tanaman yang memiliki banyak kegunaan, terutama dalam industri farmasi, kosmetik, dan aroma terapi untuk kesehatan. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan alat penyuling minyak atsiri agar minyak atsiri lebih memasyarakat dan sumber daya alam dalam bidang perkebunan dapat lebih termanfaatkan. Untuk tujuan tersebut di atas, maka dibuat alat penyuling minyak atsiri skala kecil/lab dengan menggunakan bahan yang lebih murah agar terjangkau oleh masyarakat yang ingin memproduksi sendiri minyak atsiri atau melakukan percobaan-percobaan dalam rangka pengembangan proses penyulingan minyak atsiri. Dari hasil percobaan proses penyulingan menggunakan alat yang telah dibuat, dapat simpulkan bahwa kualitas dan kuantitas minyak tergantung dari kondisi bahan baku, kepadatan bahan baku, jenis material alat dan lamanya waktu penyulingan. Bahan bakar briket lebih murah digunakan daripada minyak tanah, tetapi waktu penyulingan menjadi lebih lama. Alat penyuling skala kecil kurang ekonomis untuk keperluan produksi massal / bisnis, sehingga lebih tepat digunakan untuk percobaan-percobaan atau produksi sendiri dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis bahan baku. ......Essential Oils are extracted from plants which very useful, especially in farmacy, cosmetics industries and aroma theraphy for health. So, it is very important to develop essential oil distiller in order to make the essential oils more popular and get more benefits from our nature recources in botanical/plantations. For those purposes, mini essential oil disstiller was made using cheaper material, so it can be reached by people who want to produce essential oils by themselves or to do experiments in order to develop essential oils distillation process. From essential oil distillation experiments used this mini distiller, can be concluded that the quality and quantity of essential oil depend on raw plantation condition, it's density, kind of material which is used to make distiller and how long the distillation process is. The use of coal briquet is more economical than kerosine, but it takes longer time to do distillation process. This mini essential oil distiller is not economical for mass production or business, so it is more appropriate for experiments or self production uses many kind of raw plantations.

Abstrak :
Resistensi antibiotik terus mengalami peningkatan dan menjadi permasalahan kesehatan. Hal ini memicu perkembangan dan penemuan antibakteri baru, salah satunya berasal dari tanaman. Secara tradisional, kulit kayu masoyi digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit seperti diare, tuberkulosis, pneumonia, dan bronkitis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa antibakteri dari ekstrak n-heksana dan minyak atsiri kulit kayu masoyi terhadap bakteri patogen S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, dan P. aeruginosa serta melakukan karakterisasi minyak atsiri berdasarkan indeks bias dan berat jenis. Penelitian ini mengacu pada penelitian sebelumnya bahwa ekstrak n-heksana kulit kayu masoyi menunjukkan potensi lemah hingga kuat (1,05-10,33 mm) berdasarkan uji difusi cakram kertas terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa. Sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit kayu masoyi menunjukkan potensi lemah terhadap K. pneumoniae serta kuat terhadap S. marcescens dan S. epidermidis. Perolehan nilai indeks bias dan bobot jenis minyak atsiri kulit kayu masoyi masing-masing sebesar 1,467 dan 0,975 g/mL. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan konfirmasi aktivitas antibakteri terlebih dahulu dengan metode difusi cakram kertas dan terkonfirmasi ekstrak serta minyak atsiri memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Identifikasi golongan senyawa antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan uji KLT bioautografi kontak. Pada uji KLT bioautografi diperoleh spot-spot yang menghasilkan zona bening dan diduga dari golongan senyawa terpenoid. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa golongan terpenoid memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, dan P. aeruginosa. ......Antibiotic resistance continues to increase and become a health problem. This triggers the development and discovery of new antibacterial, one of which is derived from plants. Traditionally, masoyi bark is used to treat ailments such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, pneumoniae, and bronchitis. This research aims to identify a class of antibacterial compounds from n-hexane extract and essential oil from masoyi bark against pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and P. aeruginosa while also characterizing essential oil through refractive index and density. Base on the previous research, n-hexane extract showed weak to strong potency (1,05- 10,33 mm) based on paper disc dissfusion method against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa. Meanwhile, the essential oil of masoyi bark showed weak potency against K. pneumoniae and strong potency against S. marcescens and S. epidermidis. The measured refractive index of essential oil was 1,467 and the density was 0,975 g/mL. In this research, confirmation of antibacterial activity was carried out using paper disc diffusion method, and it was confirmed that extract and essential oil of masoyi bark had antibacterial activity. Identification of a class of antibacterial compounds was carried out using contact TLC bioautography assay. Spots were obtained that produced clear zones and were suspected to be the terpenoid compound group. Spots identified as terpenoid compounds showed the presence of an inhibitory zone against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and P. aeruginosa bacteria.