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Abstrak :
The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), which is the gold standard for anaerobic energy metabolism capacity, requires multiple tests for evaluation that impose a heavy load on subjects. The maximal accumulated blood lactate (AbLa) concentration is also a measure of anaerobic energy metabolism capacity, and is related to the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). Thus, AOD has been estimated by using AbLa (3.0 mL02 * kg-1 * mM"1), but it is unclear if this coefficient is suitable for measurement of supramaximal running of athletes. The purpose of this study was to clarify the estimated expression of AOD by using AbLa from the relationship between MAOD and AbLa during supramaximal running in middle-distance run¬ners. Eleven male middle-distance runners (800m running velocity: 425.3 ± 7.3 m-min'1) took part in this study. They performed three running tests (maximal, submaximal and supramaximal running test) to evaluate MAOD and AbLa. MAOD and AbLa were 56.6 ± 6.0 mL02 * kg'1 and 9.9 ± 1.1 mmolL'1, respectively. We observed a significant positive relationship between MAOD and AbLa (r = 0.73); the regression line equation was y = 3.58x + 18.6. Results showed that the AOD per mM of the AbLa of athletes was 3.58 mL02*kg 1, which was 19% higher than the conventional coefficient value.

Abstrak :
Running economy (RE) at an intensity above the lactate threshold (LT) is reported to be the most important aerobic capacity for estimating 1,500-m running performance. The reason that the RE at intensity better reflects the energy metabolism during a 1,500-m run, is that it is performed above the LT intensity running. This study clarified the relationship be¬tween an 800-m run, which is performed above the LT intensity, and aerobic capacities, includ¬ing the RE measured at intensities below and above the LT. This study included 12 well-trained j male middle-distance runners (800-m velocity: 25.5 ± 0.5 km-h"1, LT intensity: 79.7 ± 5.1% maximal oxygen uptake [VC>2max]). Both the RE of below and above the LT intensity were cal¬culated at 65%V02max (RE6s) and 90%VO2max (RE9o). The 800-m velocity was not related to the VC^max or the LT intensity (r = -0.16 and -0.10, respectively). This velocity correlated with both RE90 and RE65, with the correlation coefficient being higher for RE90 (r = -0.80 vs -0.75). Furthermore, the coefficient of determination for the 800-m velocity determined from V02max, LT intensity and RE90 was higher than that determined from V02max, LT intensity and RE65 (R2 = 0.522 vs 0.428, P = 0.03 vs 0.06). Based on these results, we concluded that the RE at an intensity above the LT might be better than other aerobic capacities for estimating the 800-m running performance, and more than 50% of this performance can be explained by VC max, LT intensity and RE at an intensity above the LT.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Ada dua persoalan pokok mengenai gizi nakerwan Indonesia yakni ketidakseimbangan energi kerja dan anemia terutama anemia defisiensi besi. Kedua jenis masalah gizi ini memberikan dampak menurunnya derajat kesehatan pekerja yang berakhir pada menurunnya produktifitas/kapasitas kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan konsumsi energi dan zat besi dengan status gizi nakerwan divisi pabrik di PT. Great Giant Pineapple tahun 2013. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada nakerwan divisi pabrik di PT. Great Giant Pineapple, Kecamatan Terbanggi Besar, Kabupaten Lampung Tengah, Propinsi Lampung.

Hasil: Secara statistik ada hubungan antara asupan energi dan karbohidrat dengan IMT. Tetapi tidak ditemukan hubungan umur, asupan lemak, asupan protein dan asupan serat dengan IMT. Secara statistik ada hubungan antara pola haid, asupan energi, asupan lemak, asupan protein, asupan zat besi dan enhancer absorpsi zat besi (asupan vitamin C) dengan anemia. Tetapi tidak ada hubungan umur, asupan karbohidrat, asupan zink, asupan kalsium, asupan magnesium, dan inhibitor absorpsi zat besi (asupan makanan mengandung fitat, asupan minuman mengandung tanin dan asupan serat) dengan anemia.

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ABSTRACT
There are two main issues regarding nutrition Indonesia female worker the energy imbalance of work and anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia. Both types of nutritional problems this gives the effect of the health status of workers ended in decreased productivity/labor capacity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between energy and iron consumption with nutritional status of female worker factory division at PT. Great Giant Pineapple in 2013. This research is a descriptive analytic with cross sectional design. The study was conducted at the female worker factory division at PT. Great Giant Pineapple, Terbanggi Besar, Lampung Tengah District, Lampung Province.

Results: Statistically, there is a relationship between energy intake and carbohydrate with bodi mass index. However, no relationship age, fat intake, intake of protein and fiber intake with body mass index. Statistically, there is a relationship between menstrual pattern, energy intake, fat intake, protein intake, iron intake and iron absorption enhancers (vitamin C) with anemia. But there is no relationship of age, carbohydrate intake, intake of zinc, calcium intake, magnesium intake, and inhibitors of iron absorption (intake of foods containing phytate, intake of foods containing tannin and fiber intake) with anemia.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada ibu hamil dapat menyebabkan mortalitas dan morbiditas baik bagi ibu maupun anak yang dilahirkan. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status KEK perlu diketahui agar dapat ditentukan intervensi dalam penurunan prevalensi KEK. Tujuan: Menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan KEK pada ibu hamil di Kabupaten Buol Tahun 2021. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Buol. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 239 ibu hamil. Variabel terikat berupa status KEK sedangkan variabel bebas berupa karakteristik ibu, pendapatan keluarga, umur pertama menikah, jarak kehamilan, pengetahuan gizi ibu hamil, frekuensi dan asupan makanan (karbohidrat, energi, protein), akses layanan kesehatan (ANC, K1, dan PMT). Analisis yang dilakukan berupa uji univariat, bivariat dengan menggunakan uji Chi square, dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil: Prevalensi KEK dalam penelitian ini adalah sebesar 23.4%. Variabel yang berhubungan dengan status KEK (p<0.05) dalam penelitian ini adalah jarak kehamilan, umur pertama menikah, dan PMT. Simpulan dan saran: faktor yang paling mempengaruhi KEK adalah usia pertama menikah. Diperlukan pendidikan gizi untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu hamil megenai pentingnya nutrisi saat kehamilan serta terkait sumber dan cara yang tepat mengolah pangan lokal alami untuk mencukupi asupan nutrisi. Selain itu dibutuhkan edukasi untuk menunda usia pernikahan dan kehamilan agar mencapai usia ideal, serta mengatur jarak kelahiran ideal untuk meminimalisasi risiko KEK serta komplikasi kehamilan dan persalinan. Peningkatan pengetauan juga perlu didampingi dengan perubahan sikap, intensi dan ketersediaan akses untuk dapat mencapai perubahan perilaku masyarakat. ......Background: Chronic energy deficiency in pregnancy can cause mortality and morbidity in both maternal and her children. Factors associated with chronic energy deficiency to be known to determine an intervention for decreasing prevalence chronic energy deficiency. Objectives: To analyze the factors associated with chronic energy deficiency in Buol Regency. Methods: Design study was cross-sectional conducted in Buol Regency. Total sample was 239 pregnant women. The dependent variables was chronic energy deficiency status while the independent variable were subject characteristic, family income, age of first marriage, pregnancy distance, antenatal care, supplementary feeding, maternal nutrition knowledge, eating behavior, carbohydrate, energy, and protein intake . Statistical analysis were univariate, bivariate analysis using Chi Square, and multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in this study was 23.4%. Variables associated with chronic energy deficiency (p<0.05) was pregnancy distance, age of first marriage, and supplementary feeding. Conclusions and suggestions: age of first marriage is the strongest associated factor to CED. Nutritional education is needed to increase the knowledge of pregnant women to meet the importance of nutrition during pregnancy, related sources and ways to properly process natural local food to meet nutritional intake. In addition, education is needed to delay the age of marriage and pregnancy in order to reach the ideal age, and set the ideal birth distance to minimize the risk of CED and complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Increasing knowledge also needs to be accompanied by changes in attitudes, intentions and availability of access to be able to achieve changes in people's behavior.

Abstrak :
Disertasi ini membahas pengembangan indikator antropometri baru yaitu rasio LiLA terhadap panjang lengan atas (PLA) serta model prediksi risiko Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada wanita usia subur (WUS) suku Melayu. Disain studi cross sectional menggunakan sebagian data Riskesdas 2013 dan data primer. Sampel 1009 WUS berusia 18-49 tahun (tidak hamil) di Kota Makassar dan Kabupaten Tana Toraja, Selawesi Selatan. Hasil studi menemukan formula yang optimal adalah Rasio LiLA/ PLA < 4,25 untuk mendeteksi risiko KEK, lebih baik validitasnya (Sn= 80%; Sp=84%) dibandingkan validitas LiLA menggunakan baku Indeks Massa Tubuh. Prevalensi KEK pada WUS 9,9% (IMT< 18,5); Risiko KEK 22,4 % (Rasio LiLA/ PLA < 4,25). Validitas LiLA < 23,5 cm sudah baik (Sn= 76%; Sp=87,2%), tetapi titik potong optimal untuk skrining adalah <=24,0 cm (Sn= 90%; Sp= 77%) untuk mendeteksi risiko KEK WUS. Faktor risiko KEK: umur, paritas, penggunaan alat kontrasepsi, penyakit infeksi, aktifitas fisik, pekerjaan, status kawin dan sosial ekonomi. Penyakit infeksi berat (POR= 2,79) sebagai faktor risiko dominan; sedangkan faktor protektif dominan adalah penggunaan alat kontrasepsi hormonal (POR= 0,43). Diperlukan komunikasi, informasi, edukasi pada WUS untuk menerapkan pedoman gizi seimbang, pola hidup sehat serta pencegahan penularan penyakit infeksi seperti TB, Malaria dan Hepatitis serta penanganan yang tepat untuk mencegah KEK.

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This study examined the development of new anthropometric indicator was the ratio of MUAC to upper arm length (UAL) and the prediction model of the risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Malay women of reproductive age. Crosssectional study design using part of the data Riskesdas 2013 and primary data. Samples were 1009 women aged 18-49 years (not pregnant) in Makassar and Tana Toraja South of Sulawesi. The study found that the optimal formula was MUAC/ UAL <4.25 to detect a risk of CED, better validity (Sn= 80%; Sp= 84%) compared to MUAC with the gold standard was Body Mass Index (BMI). Prevalence of CED on women of reproductive age 9.9% (BMI <18.5); Risk of CED 22.4% (MUAC/ UAL <4.25). The validity of MUAC <23.5 cm was good but the optimal cut point for screening the risk of CED was <=24 cm (Sn= 76%; Sp= 87.2 %). CED risk factors were age, parity, contraceptive use, infectious diseases, physical activity, job, marital status and socioeconomic. The dominant risk factor was severe infectious disease (POR= 2.79) while the dominant protective factor was the use of hormonal contraceptives (POR= 0.43). It needs communication, information and education to applying balanced nutrition guidelines, healthy lifestyles and the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases such as TB, Malaria and Hepatitis as well as adequate treatment to prevent CED.

Abstrak :
Risiko kekurangan energi kronik (KEK) merupakan keadaan dimana remaja putri mempunyai kecenderungan untuk menderita KEK. Kategori risiko KEK di Indonesia didasarkan pada hasil ukur lingkar lengan atas (LILA) kurang dari atau sama dengan 23,5 cm. Apabila KEK terjadi pada remaja dapat menyebabkan menurunnya kemauan belajar dan kesehatan fisik pada remaja putri, mengingat dampak KEK pada remaja putri juga dapat berlanjut hingga dewasa dan dapat berdampak buruk pada masa kehamilan dan melahirkan bayi stunting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor asupan energi, asupan gizi makro, frekuensi makan, kebiasaan sarapan pagi, citra tubuh, uang saku, dan pekerjaan ibu dengan kejadian KEK pada siswi Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Informatika Bina Generasi 3 Kabupaten Bogor tahun 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi analitik deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode cross sectional dan metode pengambilan sampelnya dengan simple random sampling pada siswi Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Informatika Bina Generasi 3 Bogor yaitu kelas 11 - 12 periode 2022/2023 pada Agustus 2023. Analisis data menggunakan statistik chi-square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sebanyak 53,3% siswi Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Informatika Bina Generasi 3 berisiko KEK dan 47,8% tidak berisiko KEK. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan energi, asupan karbohidrat, asupan lemak, asupan protein, frekuensi makan, dan pengetahuan gizi dengan risiko kurang energi kronik (KEK) pada siswi. . Asupan energi (p-value= 0,002) dan karbohidrat (p-value= 0,003) merupakan faktor terbesar terjadinya risiko KEK pada siswi, yaitu dimana siswi yang mempunyai asupan energi yang kurang berpeluang 5,400 dan 5,789 kali lebih besar berisiko KEK dibandingkan dengan responden dengan asupan energi dan karbohidrat yang cukup.Diharapkan siswi dapat lebih meningkatkan asupan energi dan asupan zat gizi makro melalui melakukan pola makan yang baik yaitu dengan memperbaiki frekuensi makan dengan rutin yaitu 3 kali sehari dengan makan utama dan meningkatkan kualitas makan dengan mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi seimbang. ......The risk of chronic energy deficiency (CED) is a condition in which young women tend to suffer from CED. The CED risk category in Indonesia is based on the results of measuring the upper arm circumference (MUAC) which is less than or equal to 23.5 cm. If CED occurs in adolescents it can cause a decrease in the willingness to learn and physical health in young women, considering that the impact of CED on young women can also continue into adulthood and can have a negative impact during pregnancy and childbirth. retarded baby. This study aims to determine the relationship between energy intake, macronutrient intake, meal frequency, breakfast habits, body image, pocket money, and mother's occupation with the incidence of CED in female students at SMK Informatics Bina Generasi 3, Bogor Regency, in 2023. This study used a research design descriptive analysis using the cross-sectional method and the sampling method using simple random sampling in female students of SMK Informatics Bina Generasi 3 Bogor, namely class 11 – 12 for the 2022/2023 period in August 2023. Data analysis used chi-square statistics. The results showed that 53.3% of female students at SMK Informatika Bina Bata 3 were at risk of KEK and 47.8% were not at risk of CED. There is a significant relationship between energy intake, carbohydrate intake, fat intake, protein intake, meal frequency, and nutritional knowledge with the risk of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in female students. Energy intake (p-value = 0.002) and carbohydrates (p-value = 0.003) are the biggest risk factors for CED in female students, namely students who have less energy intake are 5,400 and 5,789 times more likely to be at risk of CED compared to respondents with low energy intake. sufficient energy and carbohydrates. It is hoped that female students can further increase their energy intake and macronutrient intake by adopting a good diet, namely by improving the frequency of eating regularly, namely 3 times a day with main meals, and improving the quality of eating by consuming nutritionally balanced foods.

Abstrak :
Body mass index is commonly used as a measure of nutritional status. Changes in body mass index is not only be associated with normal growth and development but also associated with individual health risk. Autistic child suffer from a self-centered mental state from which reality tent to be excluded. All aspect associated with health maintenance in autistic children are mostly depending on other. This study is aimed to assess body mass index and nutrients consumption of autistic children who study in special school in Malang which is specially designed for autistic child. All students were recruited for the study. Height was measured using a digital scale while microtoise was used to determine body weight. A 24 hour recall food consumption method was applied in this study by interviewing their teachers, parents and other individual who involved in nursing the child. Sibling with the nearest age and living in the same house is used as control population. Data collected was analyzed using the student t'test or chi-square if necessary. This study found that the autistic children showed to have a higher body mass index, consumed higher high energy food and drink more water compare to that of the control population.

Abstrak :
The book covers areas of cellular physiology and metabolism that are of interest to scientists involved in research in diabetes and metabolic diseases. Some chapters of the book are specifically research-oriented, as all the authors are actively practicing either bench or clinical research in the area. In particular, the book discusses classical aspects of cellular physiology and the metabolism of physical exercise, as well as novel topics like exercise in transplantation and exercise in beta-cell failure, which mark the frontiers of research in sport-related sciences and research.