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Warsono Soemadi
Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Pembangunan suatu negara tidak hanya melakukan pembangunan fisik saja, tetapi harus juga diperhatikan pembangunan kesehatan, dan salah satunya adalah kesehatan gigi. Departemen Kesehatan melalui Direktorat Kesehatan Gigi mencanangkan program pembangunan jangka panjang tahap ke dua dengan meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan gigi masyarakat menuju tahun 2000. Pelayanan kesehatan gigi masyarakat yang sering dilakukan pada orang dewasa maupun anak-anak adalah melakukan perawatan yaitu penambalan gigi, dengan menggunakan bahan tambal amalgam gigi yang mengandung Merkuri = Hg. Merkuri mempunyai sifat sangat beracun bagi tubuh manusia dan mudah menguap. Merkuri dapat masuk kedalam tubuh manusia melalui pencernaan, pernafasan dan peresapan melalui kulit, serta dapat merusak susunan saraf pusat, ginjal, hati dan organ tubuh lainnya. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah belum diketahuinya gambaran kadar Hg dalam urine pada anak yang gigi susunya ditambal dengan bahan tambal amalgam gigi yang mengandung Hg. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar Hg dalam urine dan rnegetahui hubungan antara bahan tambal amalgam pada gigi susu dengan kadar Hg dalam urine dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan rancangan penelitian analitik dan pendekatan cross- sectional, sampel berjumlah 40 anak, dengan variabel bebas meliputi jenis kelamin, umur, lama penarnbalan gigi, jumlah penambalan gigi, sedangkan variabel terikat yaitu kadar Hg dalam urine. Disamping itu dalam penelitian juga akan dilihat mengenai hubungan antara bahan tambal amalgam pada gigi susu dengan kadar Hg dalam urine, dengan mengambil sampel anak yang datang berobat di poliklinik Bagian Gigi Anak Universitas Indonesia Nopember 1993 - Mei 1994, dan dikumpulkan contoh urine anak yang gigi susunya ditambal dengan bahan tambal amalgam gigi. Alasan diambil sampel anak, karena anak belum banyak tercemar dan ingin dilihat secara dini pengaruh Hg dalam tubuh dengan melalui urine. Gambaran distribusi menurut jenis kelamin perempuan dan laki-laki sama jumlahnya yaitu 20 anak, rata-rata umur anak 7 tahun 3 bulan, rata-rata lama penambalan gigi 132 hari, jumlah penambalan gigi 1 - 3 gigi dan rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine 93,98 141. Hasil penelitian untuk variabel jenis kelamin didapatkan bahwa secara statistik ada hubungan bermakna dengan kadar Hg dalam urine (p=001). Kelompok laki-laki mempunyai rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok perempuan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa secara statistik tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara umur dengan kadar Hg dalam urine (p=O,3d). Rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine untuk kelompok umur >87 bulan lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok umur <87 bulan. Hubungan antara lama penambalan dengan kadar Hg dalam urine secara statistik hubungannya juga tidak bermakna (p1.OO). Terlihat rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine untuk lama penambalan >69 hari lebih besar dibandingkan dengan lama penambalan < 69 hari. Hubungan yang tidak bermakna ditemukan juga untuk variabel jumlah penambalan dengan kadar Hg dalam urine (p=1.00). Terlihat rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine untuk kelompok jumlah penambalan >1 gigi lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok jumlah penambalan 1 gigi. Dalam hal ini anak kemungkinan mendapatkan paparan Hg dari bahan tambal amalgam gigi, kemungkinan lain tidak didapatkan hubungan bermakna karena makin bertambah umur makin berkurang dengan hilangnya gigi susu. Dalam pembahasan setelah dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu >4 µg/l dan <4 μg/l, terlihat bahwa kadar Hg dalam urine >4 µg/1 sebanyak 92,5%, dengan demikian dari seluruh responden, hampir semuanya sudah terancam penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh kadar Hg dalam tubuh. Dan hasil penelitian berdasarkan mean rank didapatkan kadar Hg dalam urine laki-laki lebih besar daripada perempuan, dan ditemukam hubungan bermakna menurut jenis kelamin (p=0,001), Sedangkan menurut variabel umur, lama penambalan dan jumlah penambalan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna. Dari hasil penelitian dengan melihat perbedaan proporsinya, walaupun kadar Hg dalam urine laki-laki lebih tinggi dengan kadar Hg dalam urine perempuan, tetapi setelah diuji secara statistik tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna, juga menurut variabel umur, lama penambalan dan jumlah penambalan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini ditemukannya lebih dari 90 % responden mempunyai kadar Hg dalam urine diatas normal (4 μg/l), secara statistik ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara jenis kelamin dengan kadar Hg dalam urine, dimana laki-laki mempunyai kadar Hg dalam urine lebih tinggi daripada perempuan. Tidak ditemukannya secara statistik hubungan bermakna antara umur, lama penambalan dan jumlah penambalan terhadap kadar Hg dalam urine.
ABSTRACT Community dental health service for both the adults and children has often been mainly filling the teeth using dental amalgam containing Mercury (Hg). Mercury has poisonous property to the human body as well as evaporate vapor, and absorbed through skin. Healing in and penetration through also and can damage the brain centre, kidney, liver, and body organs. The problem in this research is that the Hg content in the urine of the children with amalgam filling content Hg, has not been assessed. The research goal is to investigate the Hg content in mine and to investigate the relation between amalgam filling, Hg in the urine and the various influencing factors. This research collected primary data with analytics research pattern and cross-sectional approach. The sample size is 40 children, with independent variable sex, age, length of time of teeth, the number of filled teeth, while dependent variable is the Hg content in urine. However, in this research we can also investigate the relation between the amalgam filling material that is used to fill the deciduous teeth and Hg content in urine, from the children, attending Children Dental Polyclinic, University of Indonesia, between November 1993 - May 1994, as the sample and connecting the sample of urine in children which their teeth filled with dental amalgam. The 'reason using children as sample is that they're still pure try to assess the earliest side effect of Hg in human body through urine. The distribution of female and male is the equal, 20 children of each, and, the average is 7 years 3 months, the average of filling teeth duration is 132 days, total filled teeth is 1-3 teeth and Hg content's average in urine is 93,89 µg11. The result of research showed that sex has been found to be statistically significant relation with Hg content in urine (p= 0,001). Male group have Hg content's average in urine higher than female group. Research result has shown that there is no statistical relation between age and the Hg content's in urine (p=0,30). Hg content's average in urine in the >87 months age group is lower than the 587 months age group. The relationship between filling duration and Hg content in urine statistically are not significant (p=1.00). The average of Hg content in urine for >69 days filling duration is bigger than 569 days filling duration. No significant relationship also found for the number of filling with Hg content in urine (p=1,00). The average Hg content in urine in the group with more the one tooth filled is higher than the group with only one tooth filed. In this matter, the children are exposed to Hg from amalgam filling, and another possibility, there's no significant relationship due to higher the age the amalgam filling has been reduced due to exfoliation of the milk teeth more lack of amalgam. In the discussion, after grouping into two groups that is >4 µg/l and 54 μg/l, it showed that the Hg content in wine >4 µg/l is 92,5%. Therefore, from all of the respondents, nearly all of them have already been threatened by the disorder due to Hg content in the body. From the research's result based on the mean rank it has been found that the Hg content in the male urine is higher than female, and significant relationship on sex has been found (p=0,001}. By age group duration of filling and the number of filling, no significant relationship has been found. From the research result by observing the proportion's differences, although the Hg content in male urine is higher than the Hg content in female urine, but after being tested statistically there's no significant relationship, the same result is found also by age variable, duration of fillings and number of filling. The conclusion of the research is that more than 90% respondents has been found to have Hg content in urine above normal (4 μg/l), statistically a significant relationship has been found between sex and the Hg content in wine, in which males have Hg content in urine higher than female. There's no statistically significant relationship between age, duration of tilling and the number of filling toward the Hg content in urine.
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 1994
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ellyza Herda
Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Amalgam merupakan bahan tambal gigi yang sampai saat ini masih cukup luas pemakaiannya. Paduan amalgam yang diproduksi di Indonesia adalah paduan amalgam konvensional atau Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. Pada penelitian ini akan dibuat paduan amalgam modern atau High Copper Amalgam Alloys dengan penambahan Palladium. Sebagal kontrol dipakai High Copper Amalgam Alloys komersil merk Solila Nova. Teknik pembuatan atau proses pabrikasi dari High Copper Amalgam Alloys dilakukan sama seperti pembuatan Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. Komposisi dan struktur fasa dari paduan amalgam dan amalgam ditentukan dengan teknik diffraksi sinar-X. Sedangkan untuk melihat sifat muai panas dan efek penambahan Palladium pada amalgam digunakan teknik Dilatometri. Dari hasil analisa diffraksi sinar-X didapat hasil bahwa High Copper Amalgam Alloys yang telah dibuat dan Solila Nova terdiri dari fasa y (Ag3Sn) dan fasa c (CusSn), dan kedua fasa tersebut mempunyai struktur ortorombik. Sedangkan fasa-fasa pada High Copper Amalgam dari paduan tersebut terdiri dari fasa yl (Ag2Hgs) yang mempunyai struktur kubus, fasa ii (Cu6Sn5) berstruktur heksagonal dan fasa y (AgsSn) sisa yang tidak bereaksi. Pada High Copper Amalgam tidak terdeteksi adanya fasa y2 (Sn7Hg) yaitu fasa yang terlemah pada struktur mikro amalgam. Efek dari penambahan Palladium pada amalgam dapat dilihat dari hasil analisa muai panas dengan Dilatometer dan diffraksi sinar-X pada amalgam setelah pemanasan Penambahan Palladium sampai 1% berat membentuk amalgam yang stabil.
ABSTRACT Amalgam restorations constitute the large majority of all permanent fillings used by Dentist to repair revages of dental caries. Amalgam Alloys that are produced in Indonesia are known as Conventional Amalgam Alloys or Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. The purpose of this investigation is to produce Modern Amalgam Alloys or High Copper Amalgam Alloys with Palladium Additives. The commercially available High Copper Amalgam Alloys, under the trade name Solila Nova was used as a reference. The manufacturing process and procedure to obtain the Modern Amalgam Alloys were the same as the ones to produce Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. The High Copper Amalgam Alloys and their amalgams were analyzed to determine the phase compositions and structures by using X-Ray Diffraction techniques. The thermal behavior and the effect of Pd additives in High Copper Amalgam were determined by using Dilatometry techniques. The results of this investigation indicate that the High Copper Amalgam Alloys consist of y (Ag3Sn) and c (Cu3Sn) phases, which are similar as the reference Solila Nova Alloys. The structures of these phases are orthorhombic. The phases of the amalgams of these alloys consist of yl (Ag2 Hgs) and 17 (Cu8Sn$) phases, and the un-reacted particles of y (Ag3Sn), with no detectable y2 (SngHg), since y2 phase in dental amalgam is the weakest phase. The yl crystallizes as a cubic while the phase has hexagonal structure. By Dilatometry techniques the effect of Palladium additives indicate that an increase of Pd in amalgam up to 1 wt % stabilizes the set amalgam.
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 1991
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ellyza Herda
Abstrak :
Effects of additing 1 percent (w/o) palladium (Pd) on the thermal behavior of a lathe cut type high copper amalgam (13 w/o copper) were studied. The identical alloys, with and without 1% Pd were fabricated. X-ray diffraction studies of the amalgams revealed the elimination of the y2-phase by Pd addition. DSC thermogram of non-Pd containing amalgam indicated the existence of two y1-phasesone with the transition temperature (endothermic peak) at 88°C and the other at 109°C. The thermogram data of the Pd containing amalgam showed an endothermic peak at 110,7°C. The transition temperature of the n phase of the palladium containing amalgam is 4,9°C lower than the transition temperature of the n phase of the non Pd containing amalgam. This result indicates that the n phase of the Pd containing amalgam includes more of Tin (Sn) than the non-Pd containing amalgam. The thermogravimetri diagram showed that the phase decomposition occured at about 390°C for the non-Pd containing amalgam and at about 410°C for the Pd containing amalgam. It's concluded that the addition of 1% Pd into a lathe cut type of high copper amalgam (13%) could eliminate the formation of y2 phase as well as an unstable y1 phase, promoting strong mercury bonding to silver.
[place of publication not identified]: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, 2002
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Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Gainsford, Ian Derek
Oxford; Boston: Wright , 1992
617.695 GAI s
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
Until recently the etiology and pathogenesis of oral lichenoid reaction remain unclear. Usually lichenoid reaction is associated with systemic disease or particular drugs such as ACE inhibitor anti hypertension and several dental materials. Amalgam restorations have been reported as most frequent cause of oral lichenoid reaction induced by dental materials. Mercury hypersensitivity is predicted to be responsible in inducing the reaction. The aim of this review was to describe oral lichenoid reaction associated with hypersensitivity to dental amalgam, so the clinician can manage the cases properly. In conclusion, replacement the amalgam filling which contact to the oral mucosa with other inert dental materials would be useful for hypersensitive patient.
Journal of Dentistry Indonesia, 2003
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Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library